Multiline string literal in C#

Question

Is there an easy way to create a multiline string literal in C#?

Here's what I have now:

string query = "SELECT foo, bar"
+ " FROM table"
+ " WHERE id = 42";

I know PHP has

<<<BLOCK

BLOCK;

Does C# have something similar?

Answer 1

You can use the @ symbol in front of a string to form a verbatim string literal:

string query = @"SELECT foo, bar
FROM table
WHERE id = 42";

You also do not have to escape special characters when you use this method, except for double quotes as shown in Jon Skeet's answer.

Answer 2

It's called a verbatim string literal in C#, and it's just a matter of putting @ before the literal. Not only does this allow multiple lines, but it also turns off escaping. So for example you can do:

string query = @"SELECT foo, bar
FROM table
WHERE name = 'a\b'";

This includes the line breaks (using whatever line break your source has them as) into the string, however. For SQL, that's not only harmless but probably improves the readability anywhere you see the string - but in other places it may not be required, in which case you'd either need to not use a multi-line verbatim string literal to start with, or remove them from the resulting string.

The only bit of escaping is that if you want a double quote, you have to add an extra double quote symbol:

string quote = @"Jon said, ""This will work,"" - and it did!";

Answer 3

As a side-note, with C# 6.0 you can now combine interpolated strings with the verbatim string literal:

string camlCondition = $@"
<Where>
    <Contains>
        <FieldRef Name='Resource'/>
        <Value Type='Text'>{(string)parameter}</Value>
    </Contains>
</Where>";

Answer 4

The problem with using string literal I find is that it can make your code look a bit "weird" because in order to not get spaces in the string itself, it has to be completely left aligned:

    var someString = @"The
quick
brown
fox...";

Yuck.

So the solution I like to use, which keeps everything nicely aligned with the rest of your code is:

var someString = String.Join(
    Environment.NewLine,
    "The",
    "quick",
    "brown",
    "fox...");

And of course, if you just want to logically split up lines of an SQL statement like you are and don't actually need a new line, you can always just substitute Environment.NewLine for " ".

Answer 5

One other gotcha to watch for is the use of string literals in string.Format. In that case you need to escape curly braces/brackets '{' and '}'.

// this would give a format exception
string.Format(@"<script> function test(x) 
      { return x * {0} } </script>", aMagicValue)
// this contrived example would work
string.Format(@"<script> function test(x) 
      {{ return x * {0} }} </script>", aMagicValue)

Answer 6

Why do people keep confusing strings with string literals? The accepted answer is a great answer to a different question; not to this one.

I know this is an old topic, but I came here with possibly the same question as the OP, and it is frustrating to see how people keep misreading it. Or maybe I am misreading it, I don't know.

Roughly speaking, a string is a region of computer memory that, during the execution of a program, contains a sequence of bytes that can be mapped to text characters. A string literal, on the other hand, is a piece of source code, not yet compiled, that represents the value used to initialize a string later on, during the execution of the program in which it appears.

In C#, the statement...

 string query = "SELECT foo, bar"
 + " FROM table"
 + " WHERE id = 42";

... does not produce a three-line string but a one liner; the concatenation of three strings (each initialized from a different literal) none of which contains a new-line modifier.

What the OP seems to be asking -at least what I would be asking with those words- is not how to introduce, in the compiled string, line breaks that mimick those found in the source code, but how to break up for clarity a long, single line of text in the source code without introducing breaks in the compiled string. And without requiring an extended execution time, spent joining the multiple substrings coming from the source code. Like the trailing backslashes within a multiline string literal in javascript or C++.

Suggesting the use of verbatim strings, nevermind StringBuilders, String.Joins or even nested functions with string reversals and what not, makes me think that people are not really understanding the question. Or maybe I do not understand it.

As far as I know, C# does not (at least in the paleolithic version I am still using, from the previous decade) have a feature to cleanly produce multiline string literals that can be resolved during compilation rather than execution.

Maybe current versions do support it, but I thought I'd share the difference I perceive between strings and string literals.

UPDATE:

(From MeowCat2012's comment) You can. The "+" approach by OP is the best. According to spec the optimization is guaranteed: http://stackoverflow.com/a/288802/9399618

Answer 7

Add multiple lines : use @

string query = @"SELECT foo, bar
FROM table
WHERE id = 42";

Add String Values to the middle : use $

string text ="beer";
string query = $"SELECT foo {text} bar ";

Multiple line string Add Values to the middle: use $@

string text ="Customer";
string query = $@"SELECT foo, bar
FROM {text}Table
WHERE id = 42";

Answer 8

In C# 11 [2022], you will be able to use Raw String literals. The use of Raw String Literals makes it easier to use " characters without having to write escape sequences.

Solution for OP:

string query1 = """
    SELECT foo, bar
    FROM table
    WHERE id = 42
    """;

string query2 = """
    SELECT foo, bar
    FROM table
    WHERE id = 42
    and name = 'zoo'
    and type = 'oversized "jumbo" grand'
    """;

---

More details about Raw String Literals

See the Raw String Literals GitHub Issue for full details; and Blog article C# 11 Preview Updates – Raw string literals, UTF-8 and more!

Answer 9

You can use @ and "".

        string sourse = @"{
        ""items"":[
        {
            ""itemId"":0,
            ""name"":""item0""
        },
        {
            ""itemId"":1,
            ""name"":""item1""
        }
        ]
    }";

Answer 10

I haven't seen this, so I will post it here (if you are interested in passing a string you can do this as well.) The idea is that you can break the string up on multiple lines and add your own content (also on multiple lines) in any way you wish. Here "tableName" can be passed into the string.

    private string createTableQuery = "";

    void createTable(string tableName)
    {

         createTableQuery = @"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS
                ["+ tableName  + @"] (
               [ID] INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, 
               [Key] NVARCHAR(2048)  NULL, 
               [Value] VARCHAR(2048)  NULL
                                )";
    }

Answer 11

Yes, you can split a string out onto multiple lines without introducing newlines into the actual string, but it aint pretty:

string s = $@"This string{
string.Empty} contains no newlines{
string.Empty} even though it is spread onto{
string.Empty} multiple lines.";

The trick is to introduce code that evaluates to empty, and that code may contain newlines without affecting the output. I adapted this approach from this answer to a similar question.

There is apparently some confusion as to what the question is, but there are two hints that what we want here is a string literal not containing any newline characters, whose definition spans multiple lines. (in the comments he says so, and "here's what I have" shows code that does not create a string with newlines in it)

This unit test shows the intent:

    [TestMethod]
    public void StringLiteralDoesNotContainSpaces()
    {
        string query = "hi"
                     + "there";
        Assert.AreEqual("hithere", query);
    }

Change the above definition of query so that it is one string literal, instead of the concatenation of two string literals which may or may not be optimized into one by the compiler.

The C++ approach would be to end each line with a backslash, causing the newline character to be escaped and not appear in the output. Unfortunately, there is still then the issue that each line after the first must be left aligned in order to not add additional whitespace to the result.

There is only one option that does not rely on compiler optimizations that might not happen, which is to put your definition on one line. If you want to rely on compiler optimizations, the + you already have is great; you don't have to left-align the string, you don't get newlines in the result, and it's just one operation, no function calls, to expect optimization on.

Answer 12

If you don't want spaces/newlines, string addition seems to work:

var myString = String.Format(
  "hello " + 
  "world" +
  " i am {0}" +
  " and I like {1}.",
  animalType,
  animalPreferenceType
);
// hello world i am a pony and I like other ponies.

You can run the above here if you like.

Answer 13

In addition to Kind Contributor's answer about Raw String literals

You can now also combine this with string interpolation!

See e.g. Raw String literal

var someValue = 23.45f;
    
var json = $$"""
           {
               "summary": "text",
               "value" : {{someValue}},
           };
           """;
                   
Console.WriteLine(json);

will result in

{
    "summary": "text",
    "value" : 23.45,
};

(fiddle)

Answer 14

using System;

namespace Demo {

   class Program {

      static void Main(string[] args) {
         string str = @"Welcome User,
         Kindly wait for the image to
         load";

         Console.WriteLine(str);
      }
   }
}

Output

Welcome User,
Kindly wait for the image to
load