REGEXP_SUBSTR only returns one value. You could turn your string into a pseudo-table and then query that for matches. There's an XML-based way of doing this that escapes me at the moment, but using connect-by works, as long as you only have one source string:
SELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(str, '[^ ]+', 1, LEVEL) AS substr
FROM (
SELECT 'Txa233141b Ta233141 Ta233142 Ta233147 Ta233148' AS str FROM DUAL
)
CONNECT BY LEVEL <= LENGTH(REGEXP_REPLACE(str, '[^ ]+')) + 1;
... gives you:
SUBSTR
--------------------
Txa233141b
Ta233141
Ta233142
Ta233147
Ta233148
... and you can filter that with a slightly simpler version of your original pattern:
SELECT substr
FROM (
SELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(str, '[^ ]+', 1, LEVEL) AS substr
FROM (
SELECT 'Txa233141b Ta233141 Ta233142 Ta233147 Ta233148' AS str
FROM DUAL
)
CONNECT BY LEVEL <= LENGTH(REGEXP_REPLACE(str, '[^ ]+')) + 1
)
WHERE REGEXP_LIKE(substr, '^[A-Za-z]{2}[0-9]{5,}$');
SUBSTR
--------------------
Ta233141
Ta233142
Ta233147
Ta233148
Which isn't very pretty, but neither is holding multiple values in one field.