range-based for on multi-dimensional array

Question

My embedded system got a C++11-capable version of g++, so I've been cleaning up code from

for( uint16_t* p = array; p < (&array)[1]; ++p ) {
    *p = fill_value;
}

to

for( uint16_t& r : array ) {
    r = fill_value;
}

which is much more readable.

Is there a range-based for loop which operates over all elements of array2[m][n]?

The old version is

for( int16_t* p = array2[0]; p < (&array2)[1][0]; ++p ) {
    *p = fill_value;
}

and I don't want nested loops, unless it's guaranteed the compiler will flatten them.

(FWIW, the compiler is the GNU 4.7.4 Linaro g++ ARM cross-compiler that ships with TI Code Composer Studio 6.0.0)

Answer 1

As an example, there are various ways to print and manipulate value of a multidimensional array.

int arr[2][3] = { { 2, 3, 4 }, { 5, 6, 7} };  

First Method,

size_t count = 0 ; 

for( auto &row : arr)
    for(auto &col : row)
         col = count ++; 

Here in the first for loop we are referring to the two array. Then in the second array we have reference to the 3 elements of those subarrays separately. And we are also assigning count to col. So, it iterates over to the next element of the subarray.

Second Method,

for( auto &row : arr)
     for( auto col : row)
          cout << col << endl; 

We take reference here in the first loop because we want to avoid array to pointer conversion.

If this is done( error case: first for loop is not a reference ),

for( auto row : arr)          // program won't compile
     for( auto col : row)

Here, we have int * in row. By the time we reach the second for loop. Because row is now int * and not a list the program will not compile. You have to create a list then only we can pass that it to ranged for loop and use it for iterating over that list.

vector<int> list = { *(row+0) , *(row+1) , *(row+ 2) } ;

Now we can use the list for iteration

for ( ----- : list)

Answer 2

for ( auto &a : array )
{
   for ( int &x : a ) x = fill_value;
}

EDIT: You can try the following

const size_t n = 2;
const size_t m = 3;

int a[n][m] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };

for ( auto &x : reinterpret_cast<int ( & )[n * m]>( a ) )  x = 10;
for ( auto x : reinterpret_cast<int ( & )[n * m]>( a ) )  std::cout << x << ' ';
std::cout << std::endl;;

The output is

10 10 10 10 10 10 

The advantage of this approach is that you can reinterpret any multidimensional array not only a two-dimensional array. For example

int a[n][m][k] = { /* some initializers */ };

for ( auto x : reinterpret_cast<int ( & )[sizeof( a ) / sizeof( ***a )]>( a ) )
{
    std::cout << x << ' ';
}
std::cout << std::endl;;

Answer 3

Here's some code that will fill an arbitrary array (of statically known size):

#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
#include <type_traits>

template <typename T>
void fill_all(T & a, typename std::remove_all_extents<T>::type v);

template <typename T>
void fill_all_impl(T & a, typename std::remove_all_extents<T>::type v, std::false_type);

template <typename T>
void fill_all_impl(T & a, typename std::remove_all_extents<T>::type v, std::true_type)
{
  for (auto & x : a)
    fill_all(x, v);
}

template <typename T>
void fill_all_impl(T & a, typename std::remove_all_extents<T>::type v, std::false_type)
{
  std::fill(std::begin(a), std::end(a), v);
}

template <typename T>
void fill_all(T & a, typename std::remove_all_extents<T>::type v)
{
  fill_all_impl(a, v, std::is_array<typename std::remove_extent<T>::type>());
}

Example usage:

int a[3][4][2];
fill_all(a, 10);

Answer 4

Combining parts of Vlad's and Praetorian's answers, I decided to use:

template<typename T, size_t N, size_t M>
auto flatten(T (&a)[M][N]) -> T (&)[M*N] { return reinterpret_cast<T (&)[M*N]>(a); }

for( int16_t& r : flatten(array2) ) {
    r = fill_value;
}

Answer 5

A bit more general variant of @Ben Voigt's answer (which can be applied to n-dimensional arrays):

template
    <
        typename Array,
        typename Element = typename std::remove_all_extents<Array>::type,
        std::size_t Size = sizeof(Array) / sizeof(Element),
        typename FlattenedArray = Element (&)[Size]
    >
constexpr FlattenedArray Flatten(Array &a)
{
    return reinterpret_cast<FlattenedArray>(a);
}

template
    <
        typename Array,
        typename Element = typename std::remove_all_extents<Array>::type
    >
void FillArray(Array& a, Element v)
{
    for (Element& e : Flatten(a))
    {
        e = v;
    }
}

// ...

int a[2][3][5];
int d = 42;

FillArray(a, d);

Live example.

Answer 6

A bit simpler (and possibly less effective) solution than @Kerrek SB's one:

#include <type_traits>

template <typename Type>
void FillArray(Type& e, Type v)
{
    e = v;
}

template <typename Type, std::size_t N>
void FillArray(Type (&a)[N], typename std::remove_all_extents<Type>::type v)
{
    for (Type& e : a)
    {
        FillArray(e, v);
    }
}

Example of use:

int a[2][3][5];

FillArray(a, 42);

A little more general solution which allows to apply a functor to all elements of a multidimensional array:

template <typename Type, typename Functor>
void ForEachElement(Type& e, Functor f)
{
    f(e);
}

template <typename Type, std::size_t N, typename Functor>
void ForEachElement(Type (&a)[N], Functor f)
{
    for (Type& e : a)
    {
        ForEachElement(e, f);
    }
}

Example of use:

int a[2][3][5];

ForEachElement(a, [](int& e){e = 42;});

Answer 7

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int arr[3][4];
    
    // Initialising the 2D array
    for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++){
        for(int j = 0; j < 4; j++){
            arr[i][j] = i * j + 10;
        }
    }
    
    // Accessing elements of 2D array using range based for loop
    for(auto &row: arr){
        for(auto &col: row){
            cout << col << " ";
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
    
    return 0;
}