I have to do an assignment for my class and it says not to use Static arrays, only Dynamic arrays. I've looked in the book and online, but I don't seem to understand.
I thought Static was created at compile time and Dynamic at runtime, but I might be mistaking this with memory allocation.
Can you explain the difference between static array and dynamic array in C++?
Static arrays are created on the stack, and have automatic storage duration: you don't need to manually manage memory, but they get destroyed when the function they're in ends. They necessarily have a fixed size at compile time:
int foo[10];
Arrays created with operator new[] have dynamic storage duration and are stored on the heap (technically the "free store"). They can have any size during runtime, but you need to allocate and free them yourself since they're not part of the stack frame:
int* foo = new int[10];
delete[] foo;
static is a keyword in C and C++, so rather than a general descriptive term, static has very specific meaning when applied to a variable or array. To compound the confusion, it has three distinct meanings within separate contexts. Because of this, a static array may be either fixed or dynamic.
Let me explain:
The first is C++ specific:
Two are inherited from C:
within a function, a static variable is one whose memory location is preserved between function calls. It is static in that it is initialized only once and retains its value between function calls (use of statics makes a function non-reentrant, i.e. not threadsafe)
static variables declared outside of functions are global variables that can only be accessed from within the same module (source code file with any other #include's)
The question (I think) you meant to ask is what the difference between dynamic arrays and fixed or compile-time arrays. That is an easier question, compile-time arrays are determined in advance (when the program is compiled) and are part of a functions stack frame. They are allocated before the main function runs. dynamic arrays are allocated at runtime with the "new" keyword (or the malloc family from C) and their size is not known in advance. dynamic allocations are not automatically cleaned up until the program stops running.
It's important to have clear definitions of what terms mean. Unfortunately there appears to be multiple definitions of what static and dynamic arrays mean.
Static variables are variables defined using static memory allocation. This is a general concept independent of C/C++. In C/C++ we can create static variables with global, file, or local scope like this:
int x[10]; //static array with global scope
static int y[10]; //static array with file scope
foo() {
static int z[10]; //static array with local scope
Automatic variables are usually implemented using stack-based memory allocation. An automatic array can be created in C/C++ like this:
foo() {
int w[10]; //automatic array
What these arrays , x, y, z, and w have in common is that the size for each of them is fixed and is defined at compile time.
One of the reasons that it's important to understand the distinction between an automatic array and a static array is that static storage is usually implemented in the data section (or BSS section) of an object file and the compiler can use absolute addresses to access the arrays which is impossible with stack-based storage.
What's usually meant by a dynamic array is not one that is resizeable but one implemented using dynamic memory allocation with a fixed size determined at run-time. In C++ this is done using the new operator.
foo() {
int *d = new int[n]; //dynamically allocated array with size n
But it's possible to create an automatic array with a fixes size defined at runtime using alloca:
foo() {
int *s = (int*)alloca(n*sizeof(int))
For a true dynamic array one should use something like std::vector in C++ (or a variable length array in C).
What was meant for the assignment in the OP's question? I think it's clear that what was wanted was not a static or automatic array but one that either used dynamic memory allocation using the new operator or a non-fixed sized array using e.g. std::vector.
I think the semantics being used in your class are confusing. What's probably meant by 'static' is simply "constant size", and what's probably meant by "dynamic" is "variable size". In that case then, a constant size array might look like this:
int x[10];
and a "dynamic" one would just be any kind of structure that allows for the underlying storage to be increased or decreased at runtime. Most of the time, the std::vector class from the C++ standard library will suffice. Use it like this:
std::vector<int> x(10); // this starts with 10 elements, but the vector can be resized.
std::vector has operator[] defined, so you can use it with the same semantics as an array.
Static arrays are allocated memory at compile time and the memory is allocated on the stack. Whereas, the dynamic arrays are allocated memory at the runtime and the memory is allocated from heap.
int arr[] = { 1, 3, 4 }; // static integer array.
int* arr = new int[3]; // dynamic integer array.
I think in this context it means it is static in the sense that the size is fixed. Use std::vector. It has a resize() function.
You could have a pseudo dynamic array where the size is set by the user at runtime, but then is fixed after that.
int size;
cin >> size;
int dynamicArray[size];
Static Array :
Dynamic Array :
Yes right the static array is created at the compile time where as the dynamic array is created on the run time. Where as the difference as far is concerned with their memory locations the static are located on the stack and the dynamic are created on the heap. Everything which gets located on heap needs the memory management until and unless garbage collector as in the case of .net framework is present otherwise there is a risk of memory leak.
Static array :Efficiency. No dynamic allocation or deallocation is required.
Arrays declared in C, C++ in function including static modifier are static. Example: static int foo[5];
static array: The memory allocation is done at the complile time and the memory is allocated in the stack memory The size of the array is fixed.
dynamic array: The memory allocation is done at the runtime and the memory is allocated in the heap memory The size of the array is not fixed.
Let's state this issue with a function
if we have the static array then calling the function() will iterate all the fixed allocated components from the memory. There will be no append.
On the other hand, a dynamic array will extend the memory if we append it.
static arrary meens with giving on elements in side the array
dynamic arrary meens without giving on elements in side the array
example:
char a[10]; //static array
char a[]; //dynamic array
