Using Javascript to change website language

Question

I'm working on a GUI website that can use several languages. The original HTML-files I got to work with were totally static. So if translation was needed I had to parse through alle files, note where some words or terms were, collect them all hand them to the translation department and enter those translations in the new language files.

Since those files were totally static it meant having to translate whole sections several times. Not very effictient.

So now I am working on some kind of dictionary in Javascript, to just exchange the terms in those websites. Mostly it works this way:

var dicEnglish = {
term 1: "This is the English text"
Ref: "Another English text"
}
var dicFrench = {
term 1: "This is the French text"
Ref: "Another French text"   
}

Which contains all the possible content that needs to be changed. Every candidate in the HTML-code gets a class="dicRef" id="l_dicTag_#"as identifier, which I slice down to the dictionary tag and exchange with the following code:

var imgSrc = "en";
var ActiveDic;
var langSel;
if(window.name){
    langSel=window.name;
    }
else{langSel="English";
}

function LangChange(){
langClass = document.getElementsByClassName("dicRef");
var i = langClass.length;
var Start, Stop, idSrc, idDic;
var navText;

switch(langSel){
    case "French":
        langSel="French";
        imgSrc = "en";
        navText="Anglais";
        break;
    case "English":
    case "Anglais":
    default:
        langSel="English";
        imgSrc = "fr";
        navText="French";
        break;
    }
ActiveDic="dic"+langSel;
window.name=langSel;

while(i--){
    idSrc = langClass[i].id;
    Start=idSrc.indexOf("_")+1;
    Stop=idSrc.lastIndexOf("_");
    idDic=idSrc.slice(Start,Stop);
    if(window[ActiveDic][idDic]){
        document.getElementById(idSrc).innerHTML=window[ActiveDic][idDic];}
    else{
        document.getElementById(idSrc).innerHTML="N/A";
    }
}
if(document.getElementById("imgSel")){
    document.getElementById("imgSel").src="../../img/"+imgSrc+".gif";
}
if (document.getElementById("l_SelLang1_1")){
    document.getElementById("l_SelLang1_1").innerHTML=navText;
}
}

The problem lies in the uniqueness of the id-tag. Since some terms can occur more than once and some are generated the counter is needed. I'd prefer to ommit the counter, but can't find any other identifier to sort out all target terms and change their content.

Since I want to be safe for the future I'd prefer a solution that makes it possible to handle a possible third language. Working with the inner HTML would need to tag the same term several times, once for each language.

So is there any way to target all terms to be exchanged more efficently and easily, or a better way to do it? I can only work with client-side solutions, so no PHP and so on.

Answer 1

No offense to the other answerers but storing the text in JavaScript or in data attributes is not good for search engines or disabled site visitors and offers no benefits while added unnecessarily complicated code. The best and most simple solution in my opinion is to make use of HTML lang attribute and use JavaScript to show and hide the desired language. This solution also gracefully degrades so if a site visitor has their JavaScript disabled it will still display the content. Here is my solution:

HTML

<button id="switch-lang">Switch Language</button>

<h1><span lang="en">Hello</span> <span lang="es">Hola</span></h1>

<p lang="en">I really enjoy coding.</p>

<p lang="es">Me gusta mucho la codificación.</p>

jQuery

$('[lang="es"]').hide();

$('#switch-lang').click(function() {
  $('[lang="es"]').toggle();
  $('[lang="en"]').toggle();
});

Then I would recommend adding HTML5 Geolocation to determine which language to show initially based on the users location in the world. I would also use Fontawesome language icon to show users they can switch languages in a way that is understandable by anyone: http://fontawesome.io/icon/language/

Here is the working code example at CodePen: https://codepen.io/codepajamas/pen/ZejaQz?editors=1010

Here is an additional example on JSFiddle using a select menu to change between 3 (or more) languages: https://jsfiddle.net/726kgom1/1/

Updated Full Example with Geolocation and Cookies

I kept working on this and created an updated example switching between two languages Chinese and English (if you need more than two languages you would have to hide all languages and show only the one selected instead of using toggle the way I am). This code also detects if an existing cookie is already set for the language using jQuery Cookie. It also checks their geolocation if their browser supports it automatically setting the language to Chinese if they are in either Taiwan or China and defaults to English in all other countries. The code below is commented so you can see what each step is doing and hopefully be able to modify it to suit your needs. Here it is:

HTML

<button id="switch-lang">Switch Language Icon Here</button>

<h1><span lang="en">Hello</span> <span lang="zh">你好</span></h1>

<p lang="en">I really enjoy coding.</p>

<p lang="zh">我真的很喜歡編碼。</p>

jQuery Note: this requires linking to not only jQuery but also jQuery Cookie

$(function () {
  ///// Language Switching (2 languages: English and Chinese). /////

  // Initially disable language switching button.
  $('#switch-lang').css({'pointer-events':'none',
   'cursor':'default'}).attr('disabled','disabled');

  function langButtonListen() {
    $('#switch-lang').click(function (event) {
      event.preventDefault();
      $('[lang="zh"]').toggle();
      $('[lang="en"]').toggle();
      // Switch cookie stored language.
      if ($.cookie('lang') === 'en') {
        $.cookie('lang', 'zh', { expires: 7 });
      } else {
        $.cookie('lang', 'en', { expires: 7 });
      }
    });
    // Enable lang switching button.
    $('#switch-lang').css({'pointer-events':'auto',
     'cursor':'pointer'}).removeAttr('disabled');
  }

  // Check if language cookie already exists.
  if ($.cookie('lang')) {
    var lang = $.cookie('lang');
    if (lang === 'en') {
      $('[lang="zh"]').hide();
      langButtonListen();
    } else {
      $('[lang="en"]').hide();
      langButtonListen();
    }
  } else {
    // no cookie set, so detect language based on location.
    if ("geolocation" in navigator) {
      // geolocation is available
      navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(function (position) {
        // accepted geolocation so figure out which country
        var lat = position.coords.latitude,
            lng = position.coords.longitude;
        $.getJSON('http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/json?latlng='+lat+','+lng+'&sensor=true', null, function (response) {
          var country = response.results[response.results.length-1].formatted_address;
          if (country ===  'Taiwan' || country === 'China') {
            $('[lang="en"]').hide();
            $.cookie('lang', 'zh', { expires: 7 });
            langButtonListen();
          } else {
            $('[lang="zh"]').hide();
            $.cookie('lang', 'en', { expires: 7 });
            langButtonListen();
          }
        }).fail(function (err) {
          console.log('error: '+err);
          $('[lang="zh"]').hide();
          $.cookie('lang', 'en', { expires: 7 });
          langButtonListen();
        });
      },
      function (error) {
        if (error.code == error.PERMISSION_DENIED) {
          // denied geolocation
          $('[lang="zh"]').hide();
          $.cookie('lang', 'en', { expires: 7 });
          langButtonListen();
        } else {
          console.log('Unknown error. Defaulting to English!');
          $('[lang="zh"]').hide();
          $.cookie('lang', 'en', { expires: 7 });
          langButtonListen();
        }
      });
    } else {
      // geolocation IS NOT available
      $('[lang="zh"]').hide();
      $.cookie('lang', 'en', { expires: 7 });
      langButtonListen());
    }
  }
});

Answer 2

You can use data attributes: the fact that "HTML5 attributes are not supported in IE6 and IE7" means that you don't get the getAttribute() method or the dataset property for retrieving/accessing them. But you can still retrieve them as explained in this post.

<div id="geoff" data-geoff="geoff">

var geoff = document.getElementById("geoff");
alert(geoff.getAttribute("data-geoff"));

Even better, you can use jQuery .data() to support previous versions of IE.

Something along these lines should work:

<div data-translate="translation_key"></div>

$("[data-translate]").each(function(){
    var key = $(this).data('translate');
    $(this).html(dictionary[key][current_lang] || "N/A");
});

Working example: https://jsfiddle.net/x93oLad8/4/

Answer 3

One of the ways around this might be to use some sort of client-side templating system for your interface. That way you don't need to unnecessarily load your HTML with a bunch of data attributes detailing the language requirements, but just describe it once in the JavaScript and use a couple of functions to assist with the translation. I've coded up quick example below to show you what I mean.

Here's the dictionary object. It contains all the translations by country code. This means you don't need separate dictionaries for each country. This is important because it means we can use this single object structure very easily in out translation function as you'll see in a moment. It also means you can add as many languages and translations as you like.

var dict = {
    en: {
        'Hallo': 'Hallo',
        'Goodbye': 'Goodbye',
        'castle': 'castle'
    },
    fr: {
        'Hallo': 'Bonjour',
        'Goodbye': 'Au revoir',
        'castle': 'chateau'
    },
    de: {
        'Hallo': 'Hallo',
        'Goodbye': 'Auf Wiedersehen',
        'castle': 'schloss'
    }
}

This is our country code and it relates directly to the country code key in our dictionary object:

var lang = 'fr';

The first of our two functions. This takes a template and a language and performs the translation, returning whatever's left (usually some sort of HTML as in our example).

function applyTemplate(tmpl, lang) {

    // find all words within {{word}} a double set of curly braces
    // (this format is similar to the handlebars templating engine)
    var regex = /\{\{([a-zA-Z])\w+\}\}/g

    // for each found word perform the translation and
    // remove the curly braces
    return tmpl.replace(regex, function (word) {
        return translate(dict, lang, word.replace(/[\{\}]/g, ''));
    });
}

The translate function takes the dictionary, the language, and a word and returns the translated word. Note that this is much easier with one object containing all the country translations.

function translate(dict, lang, word) {
    return dict[lang][word];
}

Some HTML. Here is our template (display: none) and the output element. Note the words in the curly braces are the ones to be translated.

<div class="template"><div>{{Goodbye}}, {{castle}}</div></div>
<div id="translation"></div>

Finally, putting it all together:

//  grab the template
var tmpl = document.querySelector('.template').textContent;
var translation = document.querySelector('#translation');

// grab our translated html and add it to the output element
var html = applyTemplate(tmpl, lang);
translation.insertAdjacentHTML('afterbegin', html);

DEMO

Now, obviously you don't have to use this method (there are dozens of JS templating engines out there), but templating is particularly useful for sites that need to use multiple languages. Many do this on the back end but, as you can see, it can be easily done client-side too.

Hope this was useful and given you a couple of different ideas on how you might approach your solution.

Answer 4

 <script type="text/javascript">

// Load the Google Transliteration API google.load("elements", "1", { packages: "transliteration" });

  var transliterationControl;
  function onLoad() {
    var options = {
        sourceLanguage: 'en',
        destinationLanguage: ['hi','or','bn','ta','te'],
        transliterationEnabled: true,
        shortcutKey: 'ctrl+g'
    };
    // Create an instance on TransliterationControl with the required
    // options.
    transliterationControl =
      new google.elements.transliteration.TransliterationControl(options);

    // Enable transliteration in the textfields with the given ids.
    var ids = [ "transl1", "transl2" ];
    transliterationControl.makeTransliteratable(ids);

    // Add the STATE_CHANGED event handler to correcly maintain the state
    // of the checkbox.
    transliterationControl.addEventListener(
        google.elements.transliteration.TransliterationControl.EventType.STATE_CHANGED,
        transliterateStateChangeHandler);

    // Add the SERVER_UNREACHABLE event handler to display an error message
    // if unable to reach the server.
    transliterationControl.addEventListener(
        google.elements.transliteration.TransliterationControl.EventType.SERVER_UNREACHABLE,
        serverUnreachableHandler);

    // Add the SERVER_REACHABLE event handler to remove the error message
    // once the server becomes reachable.
    transliterationControl.addEventListener(
        google.elements.transliteration.TransliterationControl.EventType.SERVER_REACHABLE,
        serverReachableHandler);

    // Set the checkbox to the correct state.
    document.getElementById('checkboxId').checked =
      transliterationControl.isTransliterationEnabled();

    // Populate the language dropdown
    var destinationLanguage =
      transliterationControl.getLanguagePair().destinationLanguage;
    var languageSelect = document.getElementById('languageDropDown');
    var supportedDestinationLanguages =
      google.elements.transliteration.getDestinationLanguages(
        google.elements.transliteration.LanguageCode.ENGLISH);
    for (var lang in supportedDestinationLanguages) {
      var opt = document.createElement('option');
      opt.text = lang;
if (lang=="TAMIL" || lang=="TELUGU" || lang=="HINDI" || lang=="ORIYA" || lang=="BENGALI"){
      opt.value = supportedDestinationLanguages[lang];
      if (destinationLanguage == opt.value) {
        opt.selected = true;
      }
      try {
        languageSelect.add(opt, null);
      } catch (ex) {
        languageSelect.add(opt);
      }
}//End of if
    }
  }

  // Handler for STATE_CHANGED event which makes sure checkbox status
  // reflects the transliteration enabled or disabled status.
  function transliterateStateChangeHandler(e) {
    document.getElementById('checkboxId').checked = e.transliterationEnabled;
  }

  // Handler for checkbox's click event.  Calls toggleTransliteration to toggle
  // the transliteration state.
  function checkboxClickHandler() {
    transliterationControl.toggleTransliteration();
  }

  // Handler for dropdown option change event.  Calls setLanguagePair to
  // set the new language.
  function languageChangeHandler() {
    var dropdown = document.getElementById('languageDropDown');
    transliterationControl.setLanguagePair(
        google.elements.transliteration.LanguageCode.ENGLISH,
        dropdown.options[dropdown.selectedIndex].value);
  }

  // SERVER_UNREACHABLE event handler which displays the error message.
  function serverUnreachableHandler(e) {
    document.getElementById("errorDiv").innerHTML =
        "Transliteration Server unreachable";
  }

  // SERVER_UNREACHABLE event handler which clears the error message.
  function serverReachableHandler(e) {
    document.getElementById("errorDiv").innerHTML = "";
  }
  google.setOnLoadCallback(onLoad);