Why can't I define a default constructor for a struct in .NET?

Question

In .NET, a value type (C# struct) can't have a constructor with no parameters. According to this post this is mandated by the CLI specification. What happens is that for every value-type a default constructor is created (by the compiler?) which initialized all members to zero (or null).

Why is it disallowed to define such a default constructor?

One trivial use is for rational numbers:

public struct Rational {
    private long numerator;
    private long denominator;

    public Rational(long num, long denom)
    { /* Todo: Find GCD etc. */ }

    public Rational(long num)
    {
        numerator = num;
        denominator = 1;
    }

    public Rational() // This is not allowed
    {
        numerator = 0;
        denominator = 1;
    }
}

Using current version of C#, a default Rational is 0/0 which is not so cool.

PS: Will default parameters help solve this for C# 4.0 or will the CLR-defined default constructor be called?

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Jon Skeet answered:

To use your example, what would you want to happen when someone did:

 Rational[] fractions = new Rational[1000];

Should it run through your constructor 1000 times?

Sure it should, that's why I wrote the default constructor in the first place. The CLR should use the default zeroing constructor when no explicit default constructor is defined; that way you only pay for what you use. Then if I want a container of 1000 non-default Rationals (and want to optimize away the 1000 constructions) I will use a List<Rational> rather than an array.

This reason, in my mind, is not strong enough to prevent definition of a default constructor.

Answer 1

Note: the answer below was written a long time prior to C# 6, which is planning to introduce the ability to declare parameterless constructors in structs - but they still won't be called in all situations (e.g. for array creation) (in the end this feature was not added to C# 6)... but then it was added in C# 10 - but there are limitations, so you can't expect the constructor to run in every situation.

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EDIT: I've edited the answer below due to Grauenwolf's insight into the CLR.

The CLR allows value types to have parameterless constructors, but C# doesn't. I believe this is because it would introduce an expectation that the constructor would be called when it wouldn't. For instance, consider this:

MyStruct[] foo = new MyStruct[1000];

The CLR is able to do this very efficiently just by allocating the appropriate memory and zeroing it all out. If it had to run the MyStruct constructor 1000 times, that would be a lot less efficient. (In fact, it doesn't - if you do have a parameterless constructor, it doesn't get run when you create an array, or when you have an uninitialized instance variable.)

The basic rule in C# is "the default value for any type can't rely on any initialization". Now they could have allowed parameterless constructors to be defined, but then not required that constructor to be executed in all cases - but that would have led to more confusion. (Or at least, so I believe the argument goes.)

EDIT: To use your example, what would you want to happen when someone did:

Rational[] fractions = new Rational[1000];

Should it run through your constructor 1000 times?

• If not, we end up with 1000 invalid rationals
• If it does, then we've potentially wasted a load of work if we're about to fill in the array with real values.

EDIT: (Answering a bit more of the question) The parameterless constructor isn't created by the compiler. Value types don't have to have constructors as far as the CLR is concerned - although it turns out it can if you write it in IL. When you write "new Guid()" in C# that emits different IL to what you get if you call a normal constructor. See this SO question for a bit more on that aspect.

I suspect that there aren't any value types in the framework with parameterless constructors. No doubt NDepend could tell me if I asked it nicely enough... The fact that C# prohibits it is a big enough hint for me to think it's probably a bad idea.

Answer 2

A struct is a value type and a value type must have a default value as soon as it is declared.

MyClass m;
MyStruct m2;

If you declare two fields as above without instantiating either, then break the debugger, m will be null but m2 will not. Given this, a parameterless constructor would make no sense, in fact all any constructor on a struct does is assign values, the thing itself already exists just by declaring it. Indeed m2 could quite happily be used in the above example and have its methods called, if any, and its fields and properties manipulated!

Answer 3

You can make a static property that initializes and returns a default "rational" number:

public static Rational One => new Rational(0, 1); 

And use it like:

var rat = Rational.One;

Answer 4

Shorter explanation:

In C++, struct and class were just two sides of the same coin. The only real difference is that one was public by default and the other was private.

In .NET, there is a much greater difference between a struct and a class. The main thing is that struct provides value-type semantics, while class provides reference-type semantics. When you start thinking about the implications of this change, other changes start to make more sense as well, including the constructor behavior you describe.

Answer 5

Beginning with C# 10.0, you can:

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/builtin-types/struct#parameterless-constructors-and-field-initializers

Answer 6

I haven't seen equivalent to late solution I'm going to give, so here it is.

use offsets to move values from default 0 into any value you like. here properties must be used instead of directly accessing fields. (maybe with possible c#7 feature you better define property scoped fields so they remain protected from being directly accessed in code.)

This solution works for simple structs with only value types (no ref type or nullable struct).

public struct Tempo
{
    const double DefaultBpm = 120;
    private double _bpm; // this field must not be modified other than with its property.

    public double BeatsPerMinute
    {
        get => _bpm + DefaultBpm;
        set => _bpm = value - DefaultBpm;
    }
}

This is different than this answer, this approach is not especial casing but its using offset which will work for all ranges.

example with enums as field.

public struct Difficaulty
{
    Easy,
    Medium,
    Hard
}

public struct Level
{
    const Difficaulty DefaultLevel = Difficaulty.Medium;
    private Difficaulty _level; // this field must not be modified other than with its property.

    public Difficaulty Difficaulty
    {
        get => _level + DefaultLevel;
        set => _level = value - DefaultLevel;
    }
}

As I said this trick may not work in all cases, even if struct has only value fields, only you know that if it works in your case or not. just examine. but you get the general idea.

Answer 7

Just special-case it. If you see a numerator of 0 and a denominator of 0, pretend like it has the values you really want.

Answer 8

What I use is the null-coalescing operator (??) combined with a backing field like this:

public struct SomeStruct {
  private SomeRefType m_MyRefVariableBackingField;

  public SomeRefType MyRefVariable {
    get { return m_MyRefVariableBackingField ?? (m_MyRefVariableBackingField = new SomeRefType()); }
  }
}

Hope this helps ;)

Note: the null coalescing assignment is currently a feature proposal for C# 8.0.

Answer 9

You can't define a default constructor because you are using C#.

Structs can have default constructors in .NET, though I don't know of any specific language that supports it.

Answer 10

I found a simple solution for this:

struct Data
{
    public int Point { get; set; }
    public HazardMap Map { get; set; }

    public Data Initialize()
    {
        Point = 1; // Set anything you want as default
        Map = new HazardMap();
        return this;
    }
}

In code, just do:

Data input = new Data().Initialize();

Answer 11

Since C# 10, you can define the parameterless constructor for struct.

For example:

struct S0 { }                   // ok
struct S1 { public S1() { } }   // ok
struct S2 { internal S2() { } } // error: parameterless constructor must be 'public'

For more information you can visit this link: Parameterless struct constructors

Answer 12

Here's my solution to the no default constructor dilemma. I know this is a late solution, but I think it's worth noting this is a solution.

public struct Point2D {
    public static Point2D NULL = new Point2D(-1,-1);
    private int[] Data;

    public int X {
        get {
            return this.Data[ 0 ];
        }
        set {
            try {
                this.Data[ 0 ] = value;
            } catch( Exception ) {
                this.Data = new int[ 2 ];
            } finally {
                this.Data[ 0 ] = value;
            }
        }
    }

    public int Z {
        get {
            return this.Data[ 1 ];
        }
        set {
            try {
                this.Data[ 1 ] = value;
            } catch( Exception ) {
                this.Data = new int[ 2 ];
            } finally {
                this.Data[ 1 ] = value;
            }
        }
    }

    public Point2D( int x , int z ) {
        this.Data = new int[ 2 ] { x , z };
    }

    public static Point2D operator +( Point2D A , Point2D B ) {
        return new Point2D( A.X + B.X , A.Z + B.Z );
    }

    public static Point2D operator -( Point2D A , Point2D B ) {
        return new Point2D( A.X - B.X , A.Z - B.Z );
    }

    public static Point2D operator *( Point2D A , int B ) {
        return new Point2D( B * A.X , B * A.Z );
    }

    public static Point2D operator *( int A , Point2D B ) {
        return new Point2D( A * B.Z , A * B.Z );
    }

    public override string ToString() {
        return string.Format( "({0},{1})" , this.X , this.Z );
    }
}

ignoring the fact I have a static struct called null, (Note: This is for all positive quadrant only), using get;set; in C#, you can have a try/catch/finally, for dealing with the errors where a particular data type is not initialized by the default constructor Point2D(). I guess this is elusive as a solution to some people on this answer. Thats mostly why i'm adding mine. Using the getter and setter functionality in C# will allow you to bypass this default constructor non-sense and put a try catch around what you dont have initialized. For me this works fine, for someone else you might want to add some if statements. So, In the case where you would want a Numerator/Denominator setup, this code might help. I'd just like to reiterate that this solution does not look nice, probably works even worse from an efficiency standpoint, but, for someone coming from an older version of C#, using array data types gives you this functionality. If you just want something that works, try this:

public struct Rational {
    private long[] Data;

    public long Numerator {
        get {
            try {
                return this.Data[ 0 ];
            } catch( Exception ) {
                this.Data = new long[ 2 ] { 0 , 1 };
                return this.Data[ 0 ];
            }
        }
        set {
            try {
                this.Data[ 0 ] = value;
            } catch( Exception ) {
                this.Data = new long[ 2 ] { 0 , 1 };
                this.Data[ 0 ] = value;
            }
        }
    }

    public long Denominator {
        get {
            try {
                return this.Data[ 1 ];
            } catch( Exception ) {
                this.Data = new long[ 2 ] { 0 , 1 };
                return this.Data[ 1 ];
            }
        }
        set {
            try {
                this.Data[ 1 ] = value;
            } catch( Exception ) {
                this.Data = new long[ 2 ] { 0 , 1 };
                this.Data[ 1 ] = value;
            }
        }
    }

    public Rational( long num , long denom ) {
        this.Data = new long[ 2 ] { num , denom };
        /* Todo: Find GCD etc. */
    }

    public Rational( long num ) {
        this.Data = new long[ 2 ] { num , 1 };
        this.Numerator = num;
        this.Denominator = 1;
    }
}

Answer 13

public struct Rational 
{
    private long numerator;
    private long denominator;

    public Rational(long num = 0, long denom = 1)   // This is allowed!!!
    {
        numerator   = num;
        denominator = denom;
    }
}