Compile time string hashing

Question

I have read in few different places that using C++11's new string literals it might be possible to compute a string's hash at compile time. However, no one seems to be ready to come out and say that it will be possible or how it would be done.

• Is this possible?
• What would the operator look like?

---

I'm particularly interested use cases like this.

void foo( const std::string& value )
{
   switch( std::hash(value) )
   {
      case "one"_hash: one(); break;
      case "two"_hash: two(); break;
      /*many more cases*/
      default: other(); break;
   }
}

Note: the compile time hash function doesn't have to look exactly as I've written it. I did my best to guess what the final solution would look like, but meta_hash<"string"_meta>::value could also be a viable solution.

Answer 1

This is a little bit late, but I succeeded in implementing a compile-time CRC32 function with the use of constexpr. The problem with it is that at the time of writing, it only works with GCC and not MSVC nor Intel compiler.

Here is the code snippet:

// CRC32 Table (zlib polynomial)
static constexpr uint32_t crc_table[256] = {
    0x00000000L, 0x77073096L, 0xee0e612cL, 0x990951baL, 0x076dc419L,
    0x706af48fL, 0xe963a535L, 0x9e6495a3L, 0x0edb8832L, 0x79dcb8a4L,
    0xe0d5e91eL, 0x97d2d988L, 0x09b64c2bL, 0x7eb17cbdL, 0xe7b82d07L,
...
};
template<size_t idx>
constexpr uint32_t crc32(const char * str)
{
    return (crc32<idx-1>(str) >> 8) ^ crc_table[(crc32<idx-1>(str) ^ str[idx]) & 0x000000FF];
}

// This is the stop-recursion function
template<>
constexpr uint32_t crc32<size_t(-1)>(const char * str)
{
    return 0xFFFFFFFF;
}

// This doesn't take into account the nul char
#define COMPILE_TIME_CRC32_STR(x) (crc32<sizeof(x) - 2>(x) ^ 0xFFFFFFFF)

enum TestEnum
{
    CrcVal01 = COMPILE_TIME_CRC32_STR("stack-overflow"),
};

CrcVal01 is equal to 0x335CC04A

Hope this will help you!

Answer 2

At least by my reading of §7.1.5/3 and §5.19, the following might be legitimate:

unsigned constexpr const_hash(char const *input) {
    return *input ?
        static_cast<unsigned int>(*input) + 33 * const_hash(input + 1) :
        5381;
}

This does seem to follow the basic rules in §7.1.5/3:

1. The form is: "return expression;"
2. Its only parameter is a pointer, which is a scalar type, and therefore a literal type.
3. Its return is unsigned int, which is also scalar (and therefore literal).
4. There is no implicit conversion to the return type.

There is some question whether the *inputs involve an illegal lvalue to rvalue conversion, and I'm not sure I understand the rules in §5.19/2/6/2¹ and §4.1 well enough to be sure about that.

From a practical viewpoint, this code is accepted by (for one example) g++, at least as far back as g++ 4.7.1.

Usage would be something like:

switch(std::hash(value)) {
    case const_hash("one"): one(); break;
    case const_hash("two"): two(); break;
    // ...
    default: other(); break;
}

To comply with the requirements of §5.19/2/6/2 you might have to do something like this though:

// one of the `constexpr`s is probably redundant, but I haven't figure out which.
char constexpr * constexpr v_one = "one"; 

// ....

case const_hash(v_one): one(); break;

1. I'm using the extra 'slash' numbers to refer to unnumbered bullet points, so this is the second bullet point inside if the sixth bullet point under §5.19/2. I think I might have to talk to Pete Becker about whether it's possible to add some sort of numbers/letters/roman numerals down the hierarchy to identify pieces like this...

Answer 3

This snippet based on Clement JACOB's one. But works with clang too. And it should be faster on compilation (it have only one recursive call, not two like in original post).

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

static constexpr unsigned int crc_table[256] = {
    0x00000000, 0x77073096, 0xee0e612c, 0x990951ba, 0x076dc419, 0x706af48f,
    0xe963a535, 0x9e6495a3,    0x0edb8832, 0x79dcb8a4, 0xe0d5e91e, 0x97d2d988,
    0x09b64c2b, 0x7eb17cbd, 0xe7b82d07, 0x90bf1d91, 0x1db71064, 0x6ab020f2,
    0xf3b97148, 0x84be41de, 0x1adad47d, 0x6ddde4eb, 0xf4d4b551, 0x83d385c7,
    0x136c9856, 0x646ba8c0, 0xfd62f97a, 0x8a65c9ec, 0x14015c4f, 0x63066cd9,
    0xfa0f3d63, 0x8d080df5, 0x3b6e20c8, 0x4c69105e, 0xd56041e4, 0xa2677172,
    0x3c03e4d1, 0x4b04d447, 0xd20d85fd, 0xa50ab56b, 0x35b5a8fa, 0x42b2986c,
    0xdbbbc9d6, 0xacbcf940, 0x32d86ce3, 0x45df5c75, 0xdcd60dcf, 0xabd13d59,
    0x26d930ac, 0x51de003a, 0xc8d75180, 0xbfd06116, 0x21b4f4b5, 0x56b3c423,
    0xcfba9599, 0xb8bda50f, 0x2802b89e, 0x5f058808, 0xc60cd9b2, 0xb10be924,
    0x2f6f7c87, 0x58684c11, 0xc1611dab, 0xb6662d3d, 0x76dc4190, 0x01db7106,
    0x98d220bc, 0xefd5102a, 0x71b18589, 0x06b6b51f, 0x9fbfe4a5, 0xe8b8d433,
    0x7807c9a2, 0x0f00f934, 0x9609a88e, 0xe10e9818, 0x7f6a0dbb, 0x086d3d2d,
    0x91646c97, 0xe6635c01, 0x6b6b51f4, 0x1c6c6162, 0x856530d8, 0xf262004e,
    0x6c0695ed, 0x1b01a57b, 0x8208f4c1, 0xf50fc457, 0x65b0d9c6, 0x12b7e950,
    0x8bbeb8ea, 0xfcb9887c, 0x62dd1ddf, 0x15da2d49, 0x8cd37cf3, 0xfbd44c65,
    0x4db26158, 0x3ab551ce, 0xa3bc0074, 0xd4bb30e2, 0x4adfa541, 0x3dd895d7,
    0xa4d1c46d, 0xd3d6f4fb, 0x4369e96a, 0x346ed9fc, 0xad678846, 0xda60b8d0,
    0x44042d73, 0x33031de5, 0xaa0a4c5f, 0xdd0d7cc9, 0x5005713c, 0x270241aa,
    0xbe0b1010, 0xc90c2086, 0x5768b525, 0x206f85b3, 0xb966d409, 0xce61e49f,
    0x5edef90e, 0x29d9c998, 0xb0d09822, 0xc7d7a8b4, 0x59b33d17, 0x2eb40d81,
    0xb7bd5c3b, 0xc0ba6cad, 0xedb88320, 0x9abfb3b6, 0x03b6e20c, 0x74b1d29a,
    0xead54739, 0x9dd277af, 0x04db2615, 0x73dc1683, 0xe3630b12, 0x94643b84,
    0x0d6d6a3e, 0x7a6a5aa8, 0xe40ecf0b, 0x9309ff9d, 0x0a00ae27, 0x7d079eb1,
    0xf00f9344, 0x8708a3d2, 0x1e01f268, 0x6906c2fe, 0xf762575d, 0x806567cb,
    0x196c3671, 0x6e6b06e7, 0xfed41b76, 0x89d32be0, 0x10da7a5a, 0x67dd4acc,
    0xf9b9df6f, 0x8ebeeff9, 0x17b7be43, 0x60b08ed5, 0xd6d6a3e8, 0xa1d1937e,
    0x38d8c2c4, 0x4fdff252, 0xd1bb67f1, 0xa6bc5767, 0x3fb506dd, 0x48b2364b,
    0xd80d2bda, 0xaf0a1b4c, 0x36034af6, 0x41047a60, 0xdf60efc3, 0xa867df55,
    0x316e8eef, 0x4669be79, 0xcb61b38c, 0xbc66831a, 0x256fd2a0, 0x5268e236,
    0xcc0c7795, 0xbb0b4703, 0x220216b9, 0x5505262f, 0xc5ba3bbe, 0xb2bd0b28,
    0x2bb45a92, 0x5cb36a04, 0xc2d7ffa7, 0xb5d0cf31, 0x2cd99e8b, 0x5bdeae1d,
    0x9b64c2b0, 0xec63f226, 0x756aa39c, 0x026d930a, 0x9c0906a9, 0xeb0e363f,
    0x72076785, 0x05005713, 0x95bf4a82, 0xe2b87a14, 0x7bb12bae, 0x0cb61b38,
    0x92d28e9b, 0xe5d5be0d, 0x7cdcefb7, 0x0bdbdf21, 0x86d3d2d4, 0xf1d4e242,
    0x68ddb3f8, 0x1fda836e, 0x81be16cd, 0xf6b9265b, 0x6fb077e1, 0x18b74777,
    0x88085ae6, 0xff0f6a70, 0x66063bca, 0x11010b5c, 0x8f659eff, 0xf862ae69,
    0x616bffd3, 0x166ccf45, 0xa00ae278, 0xd70dd2ee, 0x4e048354, 0x3903b3c2,
    0xa7672661, 0xd06016f7, 0x4969474d, 0x3e6e77db, 0xaed16a4a, 0xd9d65adc,
    0x40df0b66, 0x37d83bf0, 0xa9bcae53, 0xdebb9ec5, 0x47b2cf7f, 0x30b5ffe9,
    0xbdbdf21c, 0xcabac28a, 0x53b39330, 0x24b4a3a6, 0xbad03605, 0xcdd70693,
    0x54de5729, 0x23d967bf, 0xb3667a2e, 0xc4614ab8, 0x5d681b02, 0x2a6f2b94,
    0xb40bbe37, 0xc30c8ea1, 0x5a05df1b, 0x2d02ef8d
};


template<int size, int idx = 0, class dummy = void>
struct MM{
  static constexpr unsigned int crc32(const char * str, unsigned int prev_crc = 0xFFFFFFFF)
  {
      return MM<size, idx+1>::crc32(str, (prev_crc >> 8) ^ crc_table[(prev_crc ^ str[idx]) & 0xFF] );
  }
};

// This is the stop-recursion function
template<int size, class dummy>
struct MM<size, size, dummy>{
  static constexpr unsigned int crc32(const char * str, unsigned int prev_crc = 0xFFFFFFFF)
  {
      return prev_crc^ 0xFFFFFFFF;
  }
};

// This don't take into account the nul char
#define COMPILE_TIME_CRC32_STR(x) (MM<sizeof(x)-1>::crc32(x))


template<unsigned int crc>
void PrintCrc()
{
    std::cout << crc << std::endl;
}


int main()
{

    PrintCrc<COMPILE_TIME_CRC32_STR("HAH")>();
}

See proof of concept here

Answer 4

This is an attempt to solve the OP's problem as exactly as possible.

namespace my_hash {
  template<class>struct hasher;
  template<>
  struct hasher<std::string> {
    std::size_t constexpr operator()(char const *input)const {
      return *input ?
        static_cast<unsigned int>(*input) + 33 * (*this)(input + 1) :
        5381;
    }
    std::size_t operator()( const std::string& str ) const {
      return (*this)(str.c_str());
    }
  };
  template<typename T>
  std::size_t constexpr hash(T&& t) {
    return hasher< typename std::decay<T>::type >()(std::forward<T>(t));
  }
  inline namespace literals {
    std::size_t constexpr operator "" _hash(const char* s,size_t) {
      return hasher<std::string>()(s);
    }
  }
}
using namespace my_hash::literals;
void one() {} void two() {} void other() {}

void foo( const std::string& value )
{
  switch( my_hash::hash(value) )
  {
    case "one"_hash: one(); break;
    case "two"_hash: two(); break;
    /*many more cases*/
    default: other(); break;
  }
}

live example.

Note the main difference -- std::hash cannot be used, as we do not have control over std::hash's algorithm, and we must reimplement it as a constexpr in order to evaluate it at compile time. In addition, there are no "transparent" hashes in std, so you cannot (without creating a std::string) hash a raw character buffer as a std::string.

I stuck the std::string custom hasher (with transparent const char* support) into a my_hash namespace, so you can store it in a std::unordered_map if you need consistency.

Based off of @JerryCoffin's excellent answer and the comment thread below it, but with an attempt to write it with current C++11 best practices (as opposed to anticipating them!).

Note that using a "raw hash" for a switch statement case is dangerous. You'll want to do an == comparison afterwards to confirm it worked.

Answer 5

Another solution based on Clement JACOB's one, using C++11 constexpr (not the extended C++14) but having only one recursion.

namespace detail {
// CRC32 Table (zlib polynomial)
static constexpr uint32_t crc_table[256] = { 0x00000000L, 0x77073096L, ... }

template<size_t idx>
constexpr uint32_t combine_crc32(const char * str, uint32_t part) {
  return (part >> 8) ^ crc_table[(part ^ str[idx]) & 0x000000FF];
}

template<size_t idx>
constexpr uint32_t crc32(const char * str) {
  return combine_crc32<idx>(str, crc32<idx - 1>(str));
}

// This is the stop-recursion function
template<>
constexpr uint32_t crc32<size_t(-1)>(const char * str) {
  return 0xFFFFFFFF;
}

} //namespace detail

template <size_t len>
constexpr uint32_t ctcrc32(const char (&str)[len]) {
  return detail::crc32<len - 2>(str) ^ 0xFFFFFFFF;
}

Some explanation

• We are using a single recursion, so that the function works well even for longer strings.
• The extra function combine_crc32 allows us to store the result of a recursion under a variable part and using it twice. This function is a walkaround for C++11 limitaton disallowing local variable declarations.
• The ctcrc32 function expects a string literal, which is passed as a const char (&)[len]. This way we can get the string length as a template parameter and do not have to rely on macros.

Answer 6

If you have a c++17 compiler and string_view, this becomes trivial, just write the normal version:

constexpr uint32_t crc32(std::string_view str)
{
    uint32_t crc = 0xffffffff;
    for (auto c : str)
        crc = (crc >> 8) ^ crc_table[(crc ^ c) & 0xff];
    return crc ^ 0xffffffff;
}

Answer 7

Note that the form shown here wasn't accepted into the standard, as noted below.

Compile time string processing is guessed to become possible through user-defined literals proposed in N2765.
As i already mentioned, i don't know of any compiler that currently implements it and without compiler support there can be only guess work.

In §2.13.7.3 and 4 of the draft we have the following:

Otherwise (S contains a literal operator template), L is treated as a call of the form
operator "" X<'c1', 'c2', ... , 'ck'>() where n is the source character sequence c1c2...ck. [Note: The sequence c1c2...ck can only contain characters from the basic source character set. —end note]

Combine that with constexpr and we should have compile time string processing.

update: i overlooked that i was reading the wrong paragraph, this form is allowed for user-defined-integer-literals and -floating-literals, but apparently not for -string-literals (§2.13.7.5).
This part of the proposal seems to have not been accepted.

That being said, with my limited glimpse at C++0x, it might look something like this (i most likely got something wrong):

template<char c, char... str>
struct hash {
    static const unsigned result = c + hash<str...>::result;
};

template<char c>
struct hash {
    static const unsigned result = c;
};

template<char... str> 
constexpr unsigned
operator "" _hash() {
    return hash<str>::result;
}

// update: probably wrong, because the above 
// form is not allowed for string-literals:    
const unsigned h = "abcd"_hash;

---

If Jerrys approach works, then the following should work however:

constexpr unsigned operator "" _hash(const char* s, size_t) {
    return const_hash(s);
}

Answer 8

Here is another C++11 implementation (based on CygnusX1's answer), which works with both constexpr char arrays and runtime strings:

namespace detail {

    // CRC32 Table (zlib polynomial)
    static constexpr uint32_t crc_table[256] = { 0x00000000L, 0x77073096L, ... };

    constexpr uint32_t combine_crc32(size_t idx, const char * str, uint32_t part) {
        return (part >> 8) ^ crc_table[(part ^ str[idx]) & 0x000000FF];
    }

    constexpr uint32_t crc32(size_t idx, const char * str) {
        return idx == size_t(-1) ? 
            0xFFFFFFFF : combine_crc32(idx, str, crc32(idx - 1, str));
    }
}

uint32_t ctcrc32(std::string const& str) {
    size_t len = str.size() + 1;
    return detail::crc32(len - 2, str.c_str()) ^ 0xFFFFFFFF;
}

template <size_t N>
constexpr uint32_t ctcrc32(const char (&str)[N]) {
    return detail::crc32(N - 2, str) ^ 0xFFFFFFFF;
}

You need str.size() + 1 in the first overload because N in the second overload is the size of the array, including the null-terminating character (which std::string::size does not account for).

I did not add an overload for const char * because it messes up with the second overload — You can easily add overloads for const char *, size_t or std::string_view.

Answer 9

The following works in GCC 4.6.1, and you can use either hash or pack in switch blocks.

/* Fast simple string hash (Bernstein?) */                                       
constexpr unsigned int hash(const char *s, int off = 0) {                        
    return !s[off] ? 5381 : (hash(s, off+1)*33) ^ s[off];                           
}                                                                                

/* Pack the string into an unsigned int                                          
 * Using 7 bits (ascii) it packs 9 chars into a uint64_t                         
 */                                                                              
template <class T = uint64_t, unsigned int Bits = 7>                             
constexpr T pack(const char *s, unsigned int off = 0) {                          
    return (Bits*off >= CHAR_BIT*sizeof(T) || !s[off]) ? 0 :                     
        (((T)s[off] << (Bits*off)) | pack(s,off+1));                             
}  

GCC seemingly(?) does not allow recursive calls where we pass on s+1 with s a pointer, which is why I use the off variable.

Answer 10

This is a nice question.

Based on Jerry Coffin's answer, I've created another one that's compatible with Visual Studio 2017's std::hash.

#include <functional>
#include <cassert>
using namespace std;


constexpr size_t cx_hash(const char* input) {
    size_t hash = sizeof(size_t) == 8 ? 0xcbf29ce484222325 : 0x811c9dc5;
    const size_t prime = sizeof(size_t) == 8 ? 0x00000100000001b3 : 0x01000193;

    while (*input) {
        hash ^= static_cast<size_t>(*input);
        hash *= prime;
        ++input;
    }

    return hash;
}


int main() {
    /* Enter your code here. Read input from STDIN. Print output to STDOUT */

    auto a = cx_hash("test");
    hash<string> func;
    auto b = func("test");
    assert(a == b);

    return 0;
}

https://github.com/manuelgustavo/cx_hash

Answer 11

I was still missing a crc32-literal variant (which is not possible with templates), so here is my suggestion based on CygnusX1. Did some testing, feel free to give feedback.

Testet on MSVC.

PS: I hate searching for additional stuff somewhere else, so i copied the CRC table on the bottom of my answer.

#include <inttypes.h>

namespace detail
{
    // CRC32 Table (zlib polynomial)
    static constexpr uint32_t crc_table[256] =
    {
        0x00000000L, 0x77073096L, 0xee0e612cL, 0x990951baL, 0x076dc419L,
        ...
    };

    constexpr uint32_t combine_crc32( const char c, uint32_t part )
    {
        return (part >> 8) ^ crc_table[(part ^ c) & 0x000000FF];
    }

    constexpr uint32_t crc32( const char * str, size_t idx )
    {
        return combine_crc32( str[idx], idx ? crc32( str, idx - 1 ) : 0xFFFFFFFF );
    }
} //namespace detail

constexpr uint32_t ctcrc32( const char* str, size_t len )
{
    return detail::crc32( str, len ) ^ 0xFFFFFFFF;
}

size_t constexpr operator "" _hash( const char* str, size_t len )
{
    return ctcrc32( str, len );
}

Alternative with algorithmn from Dan Bernstein (djb2) (combined answers from Jerry Coffin + Georg Fritzsche)

unsigned constexpr const_hash( char const *input )
{
    return *input ?
        static_cast<unsigned int>(*input) + 33 * const_hash( input + 1 ) :
        5381;
}
size_t constexpr operator "" _hash( const char* str, size_t len )
{
    return const_hash( str );
}

Crc32 table:

static constexpr uint32_t crc_table[256] =
    {
        0x00000000L, 0x77073096L, 0xee0e612cL, 0x990951baL, 0x076dc419L,
        0x706af48fL, 0xe963a535L, 0x9e6495a3L, 0x0edb8832L, 0x79dcb8a4L,
        0xe0d5e91eL, 0x97d2d988L, 0x09b64c2bL, 0x7eb17cbdL, 0xe7b82d07L,
        0x90bf1d91L, 0x1db71064L, 0x6ab020f2L, 0xf3b97148L, 0x84be41deL,
        0x1adad47dL, 0x6ddde4ebL, 0xf4d4b551L, 0x83d385c7L, 0x136c9856L,
        0x646ba8c0L, 0xfd62f97aL, 0x8a65c9ecL, 0x14015c4fL, 0x63066cd9L,
        0xfa0f3d63L, 0x8d080df5L, 0x3b6e20c8L, 0x4c69105eL, 0xd56041e4L,
        0xa2677172L, 0x3c03e4d1L, 0x4b04d447L, 0xd20d85fdL, 0xa50ab56bL,
        0x35b5a8faL, 0x42b2986cL, 0xdbbbc9d6L, 0xacbcf940L, 0x32d86ce3L,
        0x45df5c75L, 0xdcd60dcfL, 0xabd13d59L, 0x26d930acL, 0x51de003aL,
        0xc8d75180L, 0xbfd06116L, 0x21b4f4b5L, 0x56b3c423L, 0xcfba9599L,
        0xb8bda50fL, 0x2802b89eL, 0x5f058808L, 0xc60cd9b2L, 0xb10be924L,
        0x2f6f7c87L, 0x58684c11L, 0xc1611dabL, 0xb6662d3dL, 0x76dc4190L,
        0x01db7106L, 0x98d220bcL, 0xefd5102aL, 0x71b18589L, 0x06b6b51fL,
        0x9fbfe4a5L, 0xe8b8d433L, 0x7807c9a2L, 0x0f00f934L, 0x9609a88eL,
        0xe10e9818L, 0x7f6a0dbbL, 0x086d3d2dL, 0x91646c97L, 0xe6635c01L,
        0x6b6b51f4L, 0x1c6c6162L, 0x856530d8L, 0xf262004eL, 0x6c0695edL,
        0x1b01a57bL, 0x8208f4c1L, 0xf50fc457L, 0x65b0d9c6L, 0x12b7e950L,
        0x8bbeb8eaL, 0xfcb9887cL, 0x62dd1ddfL, 0x15da2d49L, 0x8cd37cf3L,
        0xfbd44c65L, 0x4db26158L, 0x3ab551ceL, 0xa3bc0074L, 0xd4bb30e2L,
        0x4adfa541L, 0x3dd895d7L, 0xa4d1c46dL, 0xd3d6f4fbL, 0x4369e96aL,
        0x346ed9fcL, 0xad678846L, 0xda60b8d0L, 0x44042d73L, 0x33031de5L,
        0xaa0a4c5fL, 0xdd0d7cc9L, 0x5005713cL, 0x270241aaL, 0xbe0b1010L,
        0xc90c2086L, 0x5768b525L, 0x206f85b3L, 0xb966d409L, 0xce61e49fL,
        0x5edef90eL, 0x29d9c998L, 0xb0d09822L, 0xc7d7a8b4L, 0x59b33d17L,
        0x2eb40d81L, 0xb7bd5c3bL, 0xc0ba6cadL, 0xedb88320L, 0x9abfb3b6L,
        0x03b6e20cL, 0x74b1d29aL, 0xead54739L, 0x9dd277afL, 0x04db2615L,
        0x73dc1683L, 0xe3630b12L, 0x94643b84L, 0x0d6d6a3eL, 0x7a6a5aa8L,
        0xe40ecf0bL, 0x9309ff9dL, 0x0a00ae27L, 0x7d079eb1L, 0xf00f9344L,
        0x8708a3d2L, 0x1e01f268L, 0x6906c2feL, 0xf762575dL, 0x806567cbL,
        0x196c3671L, 0x6e6b06e7L, 0xfed41b76L, 0x89d32be0L, 0x10da7a5aL,
        0x67dd4accL, 0xf9b9df6fL, 0x8ebeeff9L, 0x17b7be43L, 0x60b08ed5L,
        0xd6d6a3e8L, 0xa1d1937eL, 0x38d8c2c4L, 0x4fdff252L, 0xd1bb67f1L,
        0xa6bc5767L, 0x3fb506ddL, 0x48b2364bL, 0xd80d2bdaL, 0xaf0a1b4cL,
        0x36034af6L, 0x41047a60L, 0xdf60efc3L, 0xa867df55L, 0x316e8eefL,
        0x4669be79L, 0xcb61b38cL, 0xbc66831aL, 0x256fd2a0L, 0x5268e236L,
        0xcc0c7795L, 0xbb0b4703L, 0x220216b9L, 0x5505262fL, 0xc5ba3bbeL,
        0xb2bd0b28L, 0x2bb45a92L, 0x5cb36a04L, 0xc2d7ffa7L, 0xb5d0cf31L,
        0x2cd99e8bL, 0x5bdeae1dL, 0x9b64c2b0L, 0xec63f226L, 0x756aa39cL,
        0x026d930aL, 0x9c0906a9L, 0xeb0e363fL, 0x72076785L, 0x05005713L,
        0x95bf4a82L, 0xe2b87a14L, 0x7bb12baeL, 0x0cb61b38L, 0x92d28e9bL,
        0xe5d5be0dL, 0x7cdcefb7L, 0x0bdbdf21L, 0x86d3d2d4L, 0xf1d4e242L,
        0x68ddb3f8L, 0x1fda836eL, 0x81be16cdL, 0xf6b9265bL, 0x6fb077e1L,
        0x18b74777L, 0x88085ae6L, 0xff0f6a70L, 0x66063bcaL, 0x11010b5cL,
        0x8f659effL, 0xf862ae69L, 0x616bffd3L, 0x166ccf45L, 0xa00ae278L,
        0xd70dd2eeL, 0x4e048354L, 0x3903b3c2L, 0xa7672661L, 0xd06016f7L,
        0x4969474dL, 0x3e6e77dbL, 0xaed16a4aL, 0xd9d65adcL, 0x40df0b66L,
        0x37d83bf0L, 0xa9bcae53L, 0xdebb9ec5L, 0x47b2cf7fL, 0x30b5ffe9L,
        0xbdbdf21cL, 0xcabac28aL, 0x53b39330L, 0x24b4a3a6L, 0xbad03605L,
        0xcdd70693L, 0x54de5729L, 0x23d967bfL, 0xb3667a2eL, 0xc4614ab8L,
        0x5d681b02L, 0x2a6f2b94L, 0xb40bbe37L, 0xc30c8ea1L, 0x5a05df1bL,
        0x2d02ef8dL
    };

Answer 12

Based on Jerry Coffin's approach and Georg Fritzsche's approach

I used the following code without constexpr auto const_tmp = NGX_EM_HASH("authorization");:

template <size_t N> constexpr size_t string_literal_length(const char(&str)[N]) { return N - 1; }

// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2111667/compile-time-string-hashing/66690839#66690839
// "cookie"_hash = ngx_hash(ngx_hash(ngx_hash(ngx_hash(ngx_hash('c', 'o'), 'o'), 'k'), 'i'), 'e');
// See also `ngx_uint_t ngx_hash_key(u_char *data, size_t len)` in nginx\src\core\ngx_hash.c
#if 0
template<ngx_uint_t sum, char ch, char... str> struct ngx_em_hasher {
    static const ngx_uint_t result = ngx_em_hasher<ngx_hash(sum, u_char(ch)), str...>::result;
};
template<ngx_uint_t sum, char ch> struct ngx_em_hasher {
    static const ngx_uint_t result = ngx_hash(sum, u_char(ch));
};
template<char... str> constexpr
ngx_uint_t operator "" _hash() { return ngx_em_hasher<0, str>::result; }

// update: probably wrong, because the above form is not allowed for string-literals:    
// const unsigned h = "abcd"_hash;
#elif defined(_MSC_VER2)
// reducer function: the previous calculation result must be passed to the next iteration
static constexpr ngx_uint_t ngx_em_hash(const char* const psz, ngx_uint_t sum = 0) {
    return *psz ? ngx_em_hash(psz + 1, ngx_hash(sum, u_char(*psz))) : sum;
}
constexpr ngx_uint_t operator "" _hash(const char* s, size_t) { return ngx_em_hash(s); }
// #define NGX_EM_HASH(str) ngx_em_hash(str)

#define NGX_EM_X(x) x
// constexpr auto const_hash = NGX_EM_HASH("authorization");
// hdr->hash = const_hash;
#define NGX_EM_HASH(string_literals) ngx_em_const<NGX_EM_X(string_literals)_hash>::value

#else
template<size_t idx> constexpr ngx_uint_t ngx_em_hash(const char* const psz, ngx_uint_t sum = 0) {
    return ngx_em_hash<idx - 1>(psz + 1, ngx_hash(sum, u_char(*psz)));
}
// This is the stop-recursion function
template<> constexpr ngx_uint_t ngx_em_hash<0>(const char* const psz, ngx_uint_t sum) {
    return sum;
}
// This doesn't take into account the nul char.
#define COMPILE_TIME_NGX_HASH(x) ngx_em_hash<sizeof(x) - 1>(x)
// Regardless of what Optimize Options of the compiler?
// https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Optimize-Options.html
// https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/reference/o-options-optimize-code?view=msvc-160
#define NGX_EM_HASH(x) ngx_em_const<ngx_em_hash<sizeof(x) - 1>(x)>::value
#endif

void snippet(ngx_table_elt_t *hdr) {
    ngx_str_set(&hdr->key, "Authorization");
    hdr->lowcase_key = (u_char *) "authorization";
    //constexpr auto const_tmp = NGX_EM_HASH("authorization");
    //hdr->hash = const_tmp;
    hdr->hash = NGX_EM_HASH("authorization");
    sr->headers_in.authorization = hdr;
}

And then its disassembly result looked like this (using VS2017 v15.9.27):

                ;hdr->hash = NGX_EM_HASH("authorization");
00007FFD36B8B7DE  mov         rax,qword ptr [rbp+4D8h]  
00007FFD36B8B7E5  mov         rcx,4EEC63AFAD69E079h     ; Decimal=5687030035641917561 __int64
00007FFD36B8B7EF  mov         qword ptr [rax],rcx 

But, if using #define NGX_EM_HASH(string_literals) NGX_EM_X(string_literals)_hash, its disassembly result looked like this:

                ;hdr->hash = NGX_EM_HASH("authorization");
00007FFD337FFE93  lea         rcx,[string "authorization" (07FFD33885ED0h)]  
00007FFD337FFE9A  call        operator "" _hash (07FFD336B78ECh)  
00007FFD337FFE9F  mov         rcx,qword ptr [rbp+4D8h]  
00007FFD337FFEA6  mov         qword ptr [rcx],rax  

Online

• Compiler Explorer with disassembly outputs of VC++ and GCC (Run compilers interactively from your web browser and interact with the assembly)
• ngx_hash@OnlineGDB beta (online compiler and debugger for c/c++)