ERROR: Could not build wheels for cryptography which use PEP 517 and cannot be installed directly

Question

I get an error when pip builds wheels for the cryptography package.

Error:

LINK : fatal error LNK1181: cannot open input file 'libssl.lib'
  error: command 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\2017\\BuildTools\\VC\\Tools\\MSVC\\14.16.27023\\bin\\HostX86\\x86\\link.exe' failed with exit status 1181
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for cryptography
  Running setup.py clean for cryptography
Failed to build cryptography
ERROR: Could not build wheels for cryptography which use PEP 517 and cannot be installed directly

I have already installed OpenSSL and set the environment variables as suggested in this post yet the problem persists. My setup details:

System - Windows 10
Python - 3.8
Pip - 19.3.1

Building cryptography on Windows is a very involved process and it should not be required unless you're attempting to install an older cryptography version. cryptography ships Python 3.8 windows wheels for cryptography 2.8+. What happens if you run `pip install cryptography` directly? — Paul Kehrer, Dec 25 '19 at 02:43
Installing it directly works fine. However, when I install it as a part of the requirements.txt, this error shows. How should I disable the option to build wheels? What will be the consequences if I do so? — Chirag Bhansali, Dec 25 '19 at 02:49
in my case it was necessary to update pip to the latest version — dreo, Dec 25 '19 at 21:43
@dreo I have already updated Pip but it still builds wheels for the packages — Chirag Bhansali, Dec 26 '19 at 08:00
Does the requirements.txt have cryptography pinned to a version < 2.8? cryptography did not ship wheels for Python 3.8 on Windows before that release (because Python 3.8 wasn't out). On other platforms it can use a special kind of wheel that works across multiple Pythons, but on Windows each Python version requires a new wheel. — Paul Kehrer, Dec 30 '19 at 22:43
I had the same issue. Just updated pip and it installed without an error. — Ulvi, Jan 25 '21 at 17:54
I just restarted my computer then the error was fixed. If you still have the error, update your computer then restart you computer then try to build the docker images. — Super Kai - Kazuya Ito, Jun 01 '21 at 13:01

score 50 · Answer 1 · edited Jul 19 '21 at 17:01

50

In my case (windows 10 + conda) updating pip fixed the problem:

python -m pip install --upgrade pip

edited Jul 19 '21 at 17:01

vvvvv

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answered Mar 10 '21 at 00:48

José

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docs say to upgrade pip and you'll use the distributed binary https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation.html#rust – Harry Moreno Mar 31 '21 at 17:40

navule · Answer 2 · 2020-10-19T14:26:05.150

47

TLDR;

Try using cryptography==3.1.1

Details:

This happened on Python 3.9.0 on Windows 10 PC. I had the following in requirements.txt

cryptography==2.8

I removed the version and kept only cryptography in requirements.txt file like below

cryptography

Saved the requirements.txt and then I ran

pip install -r requirements.txt

It installed successfully. Then I freeze the requirements.txt by running the following command

pip freeze > requirements.txt

Then the requirements.txt got updated with cryptography==3.1.1

edited Oct 19 '20 at 14:26

answered Oct 17 '20 at 16:33

navule

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I am getting below error: ERROR: Failed building wheel for cryptography Failed to build cryptography ERROR: Could not build wheels for cryptography which use PEP 517 and cannot be installed directly – shary.sharath Mar 10 '21 at 15:37
have you followed the approach mentioned? – navule Mar 10 '21 at 17:52
Yes @navule, I followed all the steps. – shary.sharath Mar 11 '21 at 07:28
Try upgrading pip and re-run the steps mentioned above. To upgrade pip run `python -m pip isntall -U pip`. Let me know if that works. – navule Mar 12 '21 at 08:25
I was using snowflake-connector-python 2.2.8 version and it caused the issue. After removing this version number, application ran successfully. I'm not sure how will it behave once published to cloud. Hoping for the best – shary.sharath Mar 12 '21 at 13:45
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They started using Rust in v3.4, so to avoid Rust the latest version you can use is `cryptography==3.3.2` – Igor Jerosimić Jul 12 '21 at 06:48
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@Igor Jerosimić thx man, this is the only answer that makes sense and acutally helps out. Navule just changes versions randomly w/o having any kind of expanation. – binaryguy Jul 23 '21 at 11:11
You can also try setting environment variable `CRYPTOGRAPHY_DONT_BUILD_RUST=1` – SWdV Sep 25 '21 at 23:22

score 45 · Accepted Answer · answered Feb 15 '20 at 17:43

45

Setting cryptography to version 2.8 in requirements.txt fixed the issue.

answered Feb 15 '20 at 17:43

Abhi

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Worked for me. Encountered this when I was setting up ESP Rainmaker (CLI Setup) – bot1131357 Aug 14 '20 at 02:47

score 33 · Answer 4 · edited Jul 19 '21 at 17:01

33

Had also this issue. If you're using alpine, make sure that all dependencies for cryptography are installed. In my case the cargo package was missing and causing the issue.

sudo apk add gcc musl-dev python3-dev libffi-dev openssl-dev cargo

https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation.html#building-cryptography-on-linux

edited Jul 19 '21 at 17:01

vvvvv

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answered Feb 22 '21 at 08:55

lineconnect

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For Ubuntu: `sudo apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python3-dev cargo` – user3503711 Nov 09 '22 at 18:22

score 16 · Answer 5 · answered Mar 30 '22 at 19:26

16

I faced this issue on macOS Monterey (version 12.2.1) Apple M1 Pro. I followed Cryptography installation documentation and it helped me resolve the issue.

brew install openssl@1.1 rust

env CRYPTOGRAPHY_SUPPRESS_LINK_FLAGS=1 LDFLAGS="$(brew --prefix openssl@1.1)/lib/libssl.a $(brew --prefix openssl@1.1)/lib/libcrypto.a" CFLAGS="-I$(brew --prefix openssl@1.1)/include" pip3 install cryptography

answered Mar 30 '22 at 19:26

Tushar Nitave

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Thank you !! This is what was blocking me on M1 Mac Pro, this resolved it !! – Vishnu Narang Oct 05 '22 at 04:51
Thanks, this fixed the issue on my M1 chip – pass-by-ref Oct 05 '22 at 22:05
Works as a charm with M2 chip too. Thanks! – Yalchin Mammadli Nov 17 '22 at 12:11
This was the answer for me, thanks! – pschroeder89 Dec 21 '22 at 03:43

score 14 · Answer 6 · answered Feb 18 '21 at 20:43

Ran into this issue, and the solution is actually in the message when pip attempts to install openssl before cryptography:

  generating cffi module 'build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.7/_openssl.c'
  running build_rust
  
      =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================
      If you are seeing a compilation error please try the following steps to
      successfully install cryptography:
      1) Upgrade to the latest pip and try again. This will fix errors for most
         users. See: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/#upgrading-pip
      2) Read https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation.html for specific
         instructions for your platform.
      3) Check our frequently asked questions for more information:
         https://cryptography.io/en/latest/faq.html
      4) Ensure you have a recent Rust toolchain installed:
         https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation.html#rust
      5) If you are experiencing issues with Rust for *this release only* you may
         set the environment variable `CRYPTOGRAPHY_DONT_BUILD_RUST=1`.
      =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================

Simply running the pip update command appeared to work for me:

pip install -U pip

Which updated pip from version 18.0 to version 21.0.1

score 8 · Answer 7 · answered Feb 10 '21 at 07:52

8

You can use the lastest version with

python3 -m pip install --no-use-pep517 cryptography

worked for me with ubuntu:18.04 on arm32v7 (instead as suggested by the error message install the full rust compiler and build-essentials, or upgrading pip (what had no effect on ubuntu:18.04 on my armbian))

answered Feb 10 '21 at 07:52

FoxRomeo

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ERROR: Disabling PEP 517 processing is invalid: project specifies a build backend of setuptools.build_meta in pyproject.toml – Frederico Schardong May 08 '21 at 01:35
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worked for me in latest mac OS. MOnterey 12.3.1 (21E258) – Nahum Apr 28 '22 at 06:17

score 7 · Answer 8 · edited Jun 15 '21 at 10:38

7

pip install --upgrade pip

Try to upgrade pip of your environment working fine for me.

edited Jun 15 '21 at 10:38

Slava Rozhnev

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answered Jun 15 '21 at 09:50

Amit Dagar

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score 2 · Answer 9 · answered Dec 29 '19 at 02:42

2

I got this error trying to install Scrapy with Python 3.8.1 on Windows 10, but its solved installing the last version of pip (19.3.1 in my case) and all works using pip in this way:

python -m pip install scrapy --user

answered Dec 29 '19 at 02:42

Camilo Caquimbo

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Thanks. This also worked for me. My system is Windows 10, Python 3.8.2, Pycharm, and netmiko didn't install from Pycharm's requirement.txt file. I got inside the venv, and run pip install cryptography , which didn't work either. Then I tried python -m pip install cryptography , and it installed without any problem. Afterwards, I got back to Pycharm requirements file, and clicked on netmiko entry to get it installed, and it worked smoothly. – freeAR Apr 23 '20 at 00:55

score 2 · Answer 10 · answered Dec 19 '20 at 07:22

2

I have faced same issue and tried to install openssl with mentioned step but still was not able to proceed for windows 10. Later I upgraded pip to latest version and tried again and it worked without any issue.

I would recommend to upgrade pip to latest version and give a try before proceeding for installing openssl

answered Dec 19 '20 at 07:22

Idris Merchant

21
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This worked for me, but I also had to upgrade the pip in my tox directory to enable tox to set up my dependencies. For reference, I'm using OSX Big Sur, python 3.8, and upgraded both pips from 20.3.3 to 21.0. – Blue Jan 26 '21 at 07:05

score 2 · Answer 11 · answered Nov 09 '21 at 04:45

You can try to install cryptography==3.1.1 package instead of cryptography 35 version.

pip install cryptography==3.1.1

If still you are facing challenges in cryptography package integration.

You can resolve that by the following steps.

python -m pip install --upgrade pip

sudo pip install -U pip setuptools

score 1 · Answer 12 · answered Jun 11 '21 at 18:26

1

I had the same issue. pip3 version was 19.* after upgrade it works

sudo -H pip3 install --upgrade pip

answered Jun 11 '21 at 18:26

inaxion-dev

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score 0 · Answer 13 · answered Apr 23 '21 at 02:02

0

I had this problem and i just installed rust and problem fixed for me You can install end version of cryptography after installing rust programming languege(dont try pip install rust, its not python package) https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install

answered Apr 23 '21 at 02:02

Masoud A.

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score 0 · Answer 14 · answered Sep 22 '22 at 22:26

0

Just updating pip

python -m pip install --upgrade pip

answered Sep 22 '22 at 22:26

Andresse Njeungoue

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score 0 · Answer 15 · answered Oct 14 '22 at 11:29

0

I did not install the latest version of Scrapy, then it worked for me. Instead of installing version 2.6.3, I installed 2.6.2:

pip install Scrapy==2.6.2

I use PyCharm 2022.2.3 (Professional Edition) on Windows.

answered Oct 14 '22 at 11:29

ramonator00

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ERROR: Could not build wheels for cryptography which use PEP 517 and cannot be installed directly

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