What is this weird colon-member (" : ") syntax in the constructor?

Question

Recently I've seen an example like the following:

#include <iostream>

class Foo {
public:
  int bar;
  Foo(int num): bar(num) {};
};

int main(void) {
  std::cout << Foo(42).bar << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

What does this strange : bar(num) mean? It somehow seems to initialize the data member, but I've never seen this syntax before. It looks like a function/constructor call but for an int. This makes no sense to me.

Are there any other esoteric language features like this, you'll never find in an ordinary C++ book?

Answer 1

Foo(int num): bar(num)    

This construct is called a Member Initializer List in C++.

Simply said, it initializes your member bar to a value num.

---

What is the difference between Initializing and Assignment inside a constructor?

Member Initialization:

Foo(int num): bar(num) {};

Member Assignment:

Foo(int num)
{
   bar = num;
}

There is a significant difference between Initializing a member using Member initializer list and assigning it an value inside the constructor body.

When you initialize fields via Member initializer list the constructors will be called once and the object will be constructed and initialized in one operation.

If you use assignment then the fields will be first initialized with default constructors and then reassigned (via assignment operator) with actual values.

As you see there is an additional overhead of creation & assignment in the latter, which might be considerable for user defined classes.

Cost of Member Initialization = Object Construction 
Cost of Member Assignment = Object Construction + Assignment

The latter is actually equivalent to:

Foo(int num) : bar() {bar = num;}

While the former is equivalent to just:

Foo(int num): bar(num){}

For an inbuilt (your code example) or POD class members there is no practical overhead.

---

When do you HAVE TO use Member Initializer list?

You will have(rather forced) to use a Member Initializer list if:

• Your class has a reference member
• Your class has a non static const member or
• Your class member doesn't have a default constructor or
• For initialization of base class members or
• When constructor’s parameter name is same as data member(this is not really a MUST)

---

A code example:

class MyClass {
public:
  // Reference member, has to be Initialized in Member Initializer List
  int &i;
  int b;
  // Non static const member, must be Initialized in Member Initializer List
  const int k;

  // Constructor’s parameter name b is same as class data member
  // Other way is to use this->b to refer to data member
  MyClass(int a, int b, int c) : i(a), b(b), k(c) {
    // Without Member Initializer
    // this->b = b;
  }
};

class MyClass2 : public MyClass {
public:
  int p;
  int q;
  MyClass2(int x, int y, int z, int l, int m) : MyClass(x, y, z), p(l), q(m) {}
};

int main() {
  int x = 10;
  int y = 20;
  int z = 30;
  MyClass obj(x, y, z);

  int l = 40;
  int m = 50;
  MyClass2 obj2(x, y, z, l, m);

  return 0;
}

• MyClass2 doesn't have a default constructor so it has to be initialized through member initializer list.
• Base class MyClass does not have a default constructor, So to initialize its member one will need to use Member Initializer List.

---

Important points to Note while using Member Initializer Lists:

Class Member variables are always initialized in the order in which they are declared in the class.

They are not initialized in the order in which they are specified in the Member Initializer List.
In short, Member initialization list does not determine the order of initialization.

Given the above it is always a good practice to maintain the same order of members for Member initialization as the order in which they are declared in the class definition. This is because compilers do not warn if the two orders are different but a relatively new user might confuse member Initializer list as the order of initialization and write some code dependent on that.

Answer 2

It's a member initialization list. You should find information about it in any good C++ book.

You should, in most cases, initialize all member objects in the member initialization list (however, do note the exceptions listed at the end of the FAQ entry).

The takeaway point from the FAQ entry is that,

All other things being equal, your code will run faster if you use initialization lists rather than assignment.

Answer 3

That's constructor initialisation. It is the correct way to initialise members in a class constructor, as it prevents the default constructor being invoked.

Consider these two examples:

// Example 1
Foo(Bar b)
{
   bar = b;
}

// Example 2
Foo(Bar b)
   : bar(b)
{
}

In example 1:

Bar bar;  // default constructor
bar = b;  // assignment

In example 2:

Bar bar(b) // copy constructor

It's all about efficiency.

Answer 4

This is called an initialization list. It is a way of initializing class members. There are benefits to using this instead of simply assigning new values to the members in the body of the constructor, but if you have class members which are constants or references they must be initialized.

Answer 5

This is not obscure, it's the C++ initialization list syntax

Basically, in your case, x will be initialized with _x, y with _y, z with _z.

Answer 6

The other already explained to you that the syntax that you observe is called "constructor initializer list". This syntax lets you to custom-initialize base subobjects and member subobjects of the class (as opposed to allowing them to default-initialize or to remain uninitialized).

I just want to note that the syntax that, as you said, "looks like a constructor call", is not necessarily a constructor call. In C++ language the () syntax is just one standard form of initialization syntax. It is interpreted differently for different types. For class types with user-defined constructor it means one thing (it is indeed a constructor call), for class types without user-defined constructor it means another thing (so called value initialization ) for empty ()) and for non-class types it again means something different (since non-class types have no constructors).

In your case the data member has type int. int is not a class type, so it has no constructor. For type int this syntax means simply "initialize bar with the value of num" and that's it. It is done just like that, directly, no constructors involved, since, once again, int is not a class type of therefore it can't have any constructors.

Answer 7

I don't know how you could miss this one, it's pretty basic. That's the syntax for initializing member variables or base class constructors. It works for plain old data types as well as class objects.

Answer 8

This is an initialization list. It'll initialize the members before the constructor body is run. Consider

class Foo {
 public:
   string str;
   Foo(string &p)
   {
      str = p;
   };
 };

vs

class Foo {
public:
  string str;
  Foo(string &p): str(p) {};
};

In the first example, str will be initialized by its no-argument constructor

string();

before the body of the Foo constructor. Inside the foo constructor, the

string& operator=( const string& s );

will be called on 'str' as you do str = p;

Wheras in the second example, str will be initialized directly by calling its constructor

string( const string& s );

with 'p' as an argument.

Answer 9

You are correct, this is indeed a way to initialize member variables. I'm not sure that there's much benefit to this, other than clearly expressing that it's an initialization. Having a "bar=num" inside the code could get moved around, deleted, or misinterpreted much more easily.

Answer 10

there is another 'benefit'

if the member variable type does not support null initialization or if its a reference (which cannot be null initialized) then you have no choice but to supply an initialization list

Answer 11

It's an initialization list for the constructor. Instead of default constructing x, y and z and then assigning them the values received in the parameters, those members will be initialized with those values right off the bat. This may not seem terribly useful for floats, but it can be quite a timesaver with custom classes that are expensive to construct.

Answer 12

Not mentioned yet on this thread: since C++11, the member initializer list can use list-initialization (aka. "uniform initialization", "braced initialization"):

Foo(int num): bar{num} {}

which has the same semantics as list-initialization in other contexts.

Answer 13

Although this is an old discussion, I couldn't find any mention about delegating constructor, which uses the weird ":" symbol in the following way.

class Foo 
{
public: 
    Foo(char x, int y) 
    {}
    Foo(int y) : Foo('a', y) 
    {}
};

What it does is simply delegating Foo(y) into Foo('a', y) . So that

Foo foo(15); //=> foo('a', 15)

When defining a delegating constructor, you cannot have any members in initializer list besides targeted constructor.

Answer 14

What is the colon syntax (:) in the class constructor and what does passing an integer to a std::vector<> constructor do?

I'd like to explain the below example from this duplicate question:

class UnionFind {
    public:
        UnionFind(int sz) : root(sz) {
            for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
                root[i] = i;
            }
        }
    private:
        vector<int> root;
    };
    
    
    int main() {
        
       
        UnionFind uf(10);
    }

The colon (:) signifies the start of an "initialization list", or "initializer list", which initializes each variable to the value in parenthesis. It is as though you were calling a constructor for each variable with that value in parenthesis being passed in to that variable's constructor.

So, : root(sz) initializes the root variable with an int sz, which is like doing vector<int> root(sz);. Doing it like this, however, allows sz to get passed in to the UnionFind class constructor.

Initializing a vector with a size like that is constructor #3 here (https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector/vector):

// Constructor (3) as shown at
// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector/vector
explicit vector( size_type count,
                 const T& value = T(),
                 const Allocator& alloc = Allocator());

It constructs count (sz in the example above) number of elements into the vector, each with value T(), which means int() in this case since root is a vector<int>. int() looks like a function call but is basically an integer default constructor to value zero (0). It is called "value initialization". Think of it like calling an "integer constructor", if integers were objects and had constructors. See also my question here: What is a call to char() as a function in C++?

So, let's recap: : root(sz) in the constructor is like constructing vector<int> root(sz);, which creates sz number of elements in the root vector, each with initial value int(), which is the syntax for "value initialization" of an int to zero.

Note also that the count parameter passed to constructor #3 shown above really should be a size_type, which can be written as std::vector::size_type, and is usually size_t (see the "Member types" section here). So, it would be better to change int sz to size_t sz instead. Therefore, change this constructor line: UnionFind(int sz) : root(sz) { to this instead: UnionFind(size_t sz) : root(sz) {.