5 6 7
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cardinalsix
Ordinal6th
(sixth)
Numeral systemsenary
Factorization2 × 3
Divisors1, 2, 3, 6
Greek numeralϚ´
Roman numeralVI, vi, ↅ
Greek prefixhexa-/hex-
Latin prefixsexa-/sex-
Binary1102
Ternary203
Senary106
Octal68
Duodecimal612
Hexadecimal616
Greekστ (or ΣΤ or ς)
Arabic, Kurdish, Sindhi, Urdu٦
Persian۶
Amharic
Bengali
Chinese numeral六,陸
Devanāgarī
Gujarati
Hebrewו
Khmer
Thai
Telugu
Tamil
Saraiki٦
Malayalam

6 (six) is the natural number following 5 and preceding 7. It is a composite number and the smallest perfect number.[1]

In mathematics

Six is the smallest positive integer which is neither a square number nor a prime number. It is the second smallest composite number after four, equal to the sum and the product of its three proper divisors (1, 2 and 3).[1] As such, 6 is the only number that is both the sum and product of three consecutive positive numbers. It is the smallest perfect number, which are numbers that are equal to their aliquot sum, or sum of their proper divisors.[1][2] It is also the largest of the four all-Harshad numbers (1, 2, 4, and 6).[3]

6 is a pronic number and the only semiprime to be.[4] It is the first discrete biprime (2 × 3)[5] which makes it the first member of the (2 × q) discrete biprime family, where q is a higher prime. All primes above 3 are of the form 6n ± 1 for n ≥ 1.

As a perfect number:

Six is the first unitary perfect number, since it is the sum of its positive proper unitary divisors, without including itself. Only five such numbers are known to exist; sixty (10 × 6) and ninety (15 × 6) are the next two.[7]

It is the first primitive pseudoperfect number,[8] and all integers that are multiples of 6 are pseudoperfect (all multiples of a pseudoperfect number are pseudoperfect); six is also the smallest Granville number, or -perfect number.[9]

Unrelated to 6's being a perfect number, a Golomb ruler of length 6 is a "perfect ruler".[10] Six is a congruent number.[11]

6 is the second primary pseudoperfect number,[12] and harmonic divisor number.[13] It is also the second superior highly composite number,[14] and the last to also be a primorial.

There are 6 non-equivalent ways in which 100 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers: (3 + 97), (11 + 89), (17 + 83), (29 + 71), (41 + 59) and (47 + 53).[15]

There is not a prime such that the multiplicative order of 2 modulo is 6, that is, By Zsigmondy's theorem, if is a natural number that is not 1 or 6, then there is a prime such that . See A112927 for such .

The ring of integer of the sixth cyclotomic field Q6), which is called Eisenstein integer, has 6 units: ±1, ±ω, ±ω2, where .

The six exponentials theorem guarantees (given the right conditions on the exponents) the transcendence of at least one of a set of exponentials.[16]

There are six basic trigonometric functions: sin, cos, sec, csc, tan, and cot.[17]

The smallest non-abelian group is the symmetric group which has 3! = 6 elements.[1]

Six is a triangular number[18] and so is its square (36). It is the first octahedral number, preceding 19.[19]

A regular cube, with six faces.

A six-sided polygon is a hexagon,[1] one of the three regular polygons capable of tiling the plane. Figurate numbers representing hexagons (including six) are called hexagonal numbers. Because 6 is the product of a power of 2 (namely 21) with nothing but distinct Fermat primes (specifically 3), a regular hexagon is a constructible polygon with a compass and straightedge alone. A hexagram is a six-pointed geometric star figure (with the Schläfli symbol {6/2}, 2{3}, or {{3}}).

Six similar coins can be arranged around a central coin of the same radius so that each coin makes contact with the central one (and touches both its neighbors without a gap), but seven cannot be so arranged. This makes 6 the answer to the two-dimensional kissing number problem.[20] The densest sphere packing of the plane is obtained by extending this pattern to the hexagonal lattice in which each circle touches just six others.

There is only one non-trivial magic hexagon: it is of order-3 and made of nineteen cells, with a magic constant of 38. All rows and columns in a 6 × 6 magic square collectively generate a magic sum of 666 (which is doubly triangular). On the other hand, Graeco-Latin squares with order 6 do not exist; if is a natural number that is not 2 or 6, then there is a Graeco-Latin square of order .[21]

The cube is one of five Platonic solids, with a total of six squares as faces. It is the only regular polyhedron that can generate a uniform honeycomb on its own, which is also self-dual. The cuboctahedron, which is an Archimedean solid that is one of two quasiregular polyhedra, has eight triangles and six squares as faces. Inside, its vertex arrangement can be interpreted as three hexagons that intersect to form an equatorial hexagonal hemi-face, by-which the cuboctahedron is dissected into triangular cupolas. This solid is also the only polyhedron with radial equilateral symmetry, where its edges and long radii are of equal length; its one of only four polytopes with this property — the others are the hexagon, the tesseract (as the four-dimensional analogue of the cube), and the 24-cell. Only six polygons are faces of non-prismatic uniform polyhedra such as the Platonic solids or the Archimedean solids: the triangle, the square, the pentagon, the hexagon, the octagon, and the decagon. If self-dual images of the tetrahedron are considered distinct, then there are a total of six regular polyhedra that are formed by three different Weyl groups in the third dimension (based on tetrahedral, octahedral and icosahedral symmetries).

How closely the shape of an object resembles that of a perfect sphere is called its sphericity, calculated by:[22]

where is the surface area of the sphere, the volume of the object, and the surface area of the object.

In four dimensions, there are a total of six convex regular polytopes: the 5-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, 24-cell, 120-cell, and 600-cell.

, with 720 = 6! elements, is the only finite symmetric group which has an outer automorphism. This automorphism allows us to construct a number of exceptional mathematical objects such as the S(5,6,12) Steiner system, the projective plane of order 4, the four-dimensional 5-cell, and the Hoffman-Singleton graph. A closely related result is the following theorem: 6 is the only natural number for which there is a construction of isomorphic objects on an -set , invariant under all permutations of , but not naturally in one-to-one correspondence with the elements of . This can also be expressed category theoretically: consider the category whose objects are the element sets and whose arrows are the bijections between the sets. This category has a non-trivial functor to itself only for .

In the classification of finite simple groups, twenty of twenty-six sporadic groups in the happy family are part of three families of groups which divide the order of the friendly giant, the largest sporadic group: five first generation Mathieu groups, seven second generation subquotients of the Leech lattice, and eight third generation subgroups of the friendly giant. The remaining six sporadic groups do not divide the order of the friendly giant, which are termed the pariahs (Ly, O'N, Ru, J4, J3, and J1).[23]

List of basic calculations

Multiplication 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 25 50 100 1000
6 × x 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 150 300 600 6000
Division 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
6 ÷ x 6 3 2 1.5 1.2 1 0.857142 0.75 0.6 0.6 0.54 0.5 0.461538 0.428571 0.4
x ÷ 6 0.16 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.83 1 1.16 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.83 2 2.16 2.3 2.5
Exponentiation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
6x 6 36 216 1296 7776 46656 279936 1679616 10077696 60466176 362797056 2176782336 13060694016
x6 1 64 729 4096 15625 46656 117649 262144 531441 1000000 1771561 2985984 4826809

Greek and Latin word parts

Hexa

Hexa is classical Greek for "six".[1] Thus:

  • "Hexadecimal" combines hexa- with the Latinate decimal to name a number base of 16[24]
  • A hexagon is a regular polygon with six sides[25]
  • A hexahedron is a polyhedron with six faces, with a cube being a special case[26]
  • Hexameter is a poetic form consisting of six feet per line
  • A "hex nut" is a nut with six sides, and a hex bolt has a six-sided head
  • The prefix "hexa-" also occurs in the systematic name of many chemical compounds, such as hexane which has 6 carbon atoms (C6H14).

The prefix sex-

Sex- is a Latin prefix meaning "six".[1] Thus:

  • Senary is the ordinal adjective meaning "sixth"[27]
  • People with sexdactyly have six fingers on each hand
  • The measuring instrument called a sextant got its name because its shape forms one-sixth of a whole circle
  • A group of six musicians is called a sextet
  • Six babies delivered in one birth are sextuplets
  • Sexy prime pairs – Prime pairs differing by six are sexy, because sex is the Latin word for six.[28][29]

The SI prefix for 10006 is exa- (E), and for its reciprocal atto- (a).

Evolution of the Hindu-Arabic digit

The first appearance of 6 is in the Edicts of Ashoka c.250 BCE. These are Brahmi numerals, ancestors of Hindu-Arabic numerals.
The first known digit "6" in the number "256" in Ashoka's Minor Rock Edict No.1 in Sasaram, c.250 BCE

The evolution of our modern digit 6 appears rather simple when compared with the other digits. The modern 6 can be traced back to the Brahmi numerals of India, which are first known from the Edicts of Ashoka c.250 BCE.[30][31][32][33] It was written in one stroke like a cursive lowercase e rotated 90 degrees clockwise. Gradually, the upper part of the stroke (above the central squiggle) became more curved, while the lower part of the stroke (below the central squiggle) became straighter. The Arabs dropped the part of the stroke below the squiggle. From there, the European evolution to our modern 6 was very straightforward, aside from a flirtation with a glyph that looked more like an uppercase G.[34]

On the seven-segment displays of calculators and watches, 6 is usually written with six segments. Some historical calculator models use just five segments for the 6, by omitting the top horizontal bar. This glyph variant has not caught on; for calculators that can display results in hexadecimal, a 6 that looks like a "b" is not practical.

Just as in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the character for the digit 6 usually has an ascender, as, for example, in .[35]

This digit resembles an inverted 9. To disambiguate the two on objects and documents that can be inverted, the 6 has often been underlined, both in handwriting and on printed labels.

In music

A standard guitar has six strings.

In artists

In instruments

  • A standard guitar has six strings[42]
  • Most woodwind instruments have six basic holes or keys (e.g., bassoon, clarinet, pennywhistle, saxophone); these holes or keys are usually not given numbers or letters in the fingering charts

In music theory

  • There are six whole tones in an octave.[43]
  • There are six semitones in a tritone.[44]

In works

In religion

Judaism

Islam

Indeed, We created the heavens and the earth and everything in between in six Days,1 and We were not ˹even˺ touched with fatigue.2

Surah Qaf:38

Note 1: The word day is not always used in the Quran to mean a 24-hour period. According to Surah Al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage):47, a heavenly Day is 1000 years of our time. The Day of Judgment will be 50,000 years of our time - Surah Al-Maarij (The Ascending Stairways):4. Hence, the six Days of creation refer to six eons of time, known only by Allah.

Note 2: Some Islamic scholars believe this verse comes in response to Exodus 31:17, which says, "The Lord made the heavens and the earth in six days, but on the seventh day He rested and was refreshed."

Others

In science

Astronomy

Biology

The cells of a beehive are six-sided.

Chemistry

A molecule of benzene has a ring of six carbon and six hydrogen atoms.
A molecule of benzene has a ring of six carbon and six hydrogen atoms.

Medicine

  • There are six tastes in traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda): sweet, sour, salty, bitter, pungent, and astringent. These tastes are used to suggest a diet based on the symptoms of the body.[68]
  • Phase 6 is one of six pandemic influenza phases.[69]

Physics

In the Standard Model of particle physics, there are six types of quarks and six types of leptons.

In sports

  • The Original Six teams in the National Hockey League are Toronto, Chicago, Montreal, New York, Boston, and Detroit.[73] They are the oldest remaining teams in the league, though not necessarily the first six; they comprised the entire league from 1942 to 1967.
  • Number of players:
    • In association football (soccer), the number of substitutes combined by both teams, that are allowed in the game.
    • In box lacrosse, the number of players per team, including the goaltender, that are on the floor at any one time, excluding penalty situations.[74]
    • In ice hockey, the number of players per team, including the goaltender, that are on the ice at any one time during regulation play, excluding penalty situations. (Some leagues reduce the number of players on the ice during overtime.)[75]
    • In volleyball:
      • Six players from each team on each side play against each other.[76]
      • Standard rules only allow six total substitutions per team per set. (Substitutions involving the libero, a defensive specialist who can only play in the back row, are not counted against this limit.)
    • Six-man football is a variant of American or Canadian football, played by smaller schools with insufficient enrollment to field the traditional 11-man (American) or 12-man (Canadian) squad.[77]
  • Scoring:
    • In both American and Canadian football, 6 points are awarded for a touchdown.[78]
    • In Australian rules football, six points are awarded for a goal, scored when a kicked ball passes between the defending team's two inner goalposts without having been touched by another player.
    • In cricket, six runs are scored for the batting team when the ball is hit to the boundary or the ground beyond it without having touched the ground in the field.
  • In basketball, the ball used for women's full-court competitions is designated "size 6".[79]
  • In pool and snooker one its table contains six pockets.
  • In most rugby league competitions (but not the Super League, which uses static squad numbering), the jersey number 6 is worn by the starting five-eighth (Southern Hemisphere term) or stand-off (Northern Hemisphere term).
  • In rugby union, the starting blindside flanker wears jersey number 6. (Some teams use "left" and "right" flankers instead of "openside" and "blindside", with 6 being worn by the starting left flanker.)[80]

In technology

6 as a resin identification code, used in recycling.
6 as a resin identification code, used in recycling.

In calendars

In the arts and entertainment

Games

  • The number of sides on a cube, hence the highest number on a standard die[84]
  • The six-sided tiles on a hex grid are used in many tabletop and board games.
  • The highest number on one end of a standard domino

Comics and cartoons

  • The Super 6, a 1966 animated cartoon series featuring six different super-powered heroes.[85]

Literature

TV

Movies

Musicals

  • Six is a modern retelling of the lives of the six wives of Henry VIII presented as a pop concert.[95]

Anthropology

In other fields

  • Six-pack is a common form of packaging for six bottles or cans of drink (especially beer), and by extension, other assemblages of six items.[103] Also, six is half a dozen.
  • The number of dots in a braille cell.[104]
  • Extrasensory perception is sometimes called the "sixth sense".[105]
  • Six Flags is an American company running amusement parks and theme parks in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.[106]
  • In the U.S. Army "Six" as part of a radio call sign is used by the commanding officer of a unit, while subordinate platoon leaders usually go by "One".[107] (For a similar example see also: Rainbow Six.)

See also

References

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  2. Higgins, Peter (2008). Number Story: From Counting to Cryptography. New York: Copernicus. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-84800-000-1.
  3. Weisstein, Eric W. "Harshad Number". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  4. "Sloane's A002378: Pronic numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  5. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001358 (Semiprimes (or biprimes): products of two primes.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  6. David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. London: Penguin Books (1987): 67
  7. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002827 (Unitary perfect numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  8. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005835 (Pseudoperfect (or semiperfect) numbers n: some subset of the proper divisors of n sums to n.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  9. "Granville number". OeisWiki. The Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. Archived from the original on 29 March 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
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  11. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A003273 (Congruent numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  12. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A054377 (Primary pseudoperfect numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  13. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001599 (Harmonic or Ore numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
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  23. Griess, Jr., Robert L. (1982). "The Friendly Giant" (PDF). Inventiones Mathematicae. 69: 91–96. Bibcode:1982InMat..69....1G. doi:10.1007/BF01389186. hdl:2027.42/46608. MR 0671653. S2CID 123597150. Zbl 0498.20013.
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  33. Pillis, John de (2002). 777 Mathematical Conversation Starters. MAA. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-88385-540-9.
  34. Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer transl. David Bellos et al. London: The Harvill Press (1998): 395, Fig. 24.66
  35. Negru, John (1988). Computer Typesetting. Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-442-26696-7. slight ascenders that rise above the cap height ( in 4 and 6 )
  36. Auric, Georges; Durey, Louis; Honegger, Arthur; Milhaud, Darius; Poulenc, Francis; Tailleferre, Germaine (2014-08-20). Caramel Mou and Other Great Piano Works of "Les Six": Pieces by Auric, Durey, Honegger, Milhaud, Poulenc and Tailleferre (in French). Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-49340-4.
  37. "Six Organs of Admittance". www.sixorgans.com. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
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  44. Horsley, Charles Edward (1876). A Text Book of Harmony: For the Use of Schools and Students. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. p. 4. Like the Tritone, it contains six semitones
  45. Tribble, Mimi (2004). 300 Ways to Make the Best Christmas Ever!: Decorations, Carols, Crafts & Recipes for Every Kind of Christmas Tradition. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4027-1685-0. Six geese a-laying
  46. Staines, Joe (2010-05-17). The Rough Guide to Classical Music. Penguin. p. 393. ISBN 978-1-4053-8321-9. ...the six arias with variations collected under the title Hexachordum Apollinis (1699)...
  47. Hegarty, Paul; Halliwell, Martin (2011-06-23). Beyond and Before: Progressive Rock since the 1960s. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-4411-1480-8. Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence
  48. Curran, Angela (2015-10-05). Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Aristotle and the Poetics. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-317-67706-2. THE SIX QUALITATIVE ELEMENTS OF TRAGEDY
  49. Plaut, W. Gunther (1991). The Magen David: How the Six-pointed Star Became an Emblem for the Jewish People. B'nai B'rith Books. ISBN 978-0-910250-16-0. How the Six-pointed Star Became an Emblem for the Jewish People
  50. Lauterbach, Jacob Zallel (1916). Midrash and Mishnah: A Study in the Early History of the Halakah. Bloch. p. 9. Six orders of Mishnah
  51. Rosen, Ceil; Rosen, Moishe (2006-05-01). Christ in the Passover. Moody Publishers. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-57567-480-3. Six symbolic foods
  52. Repcheck, Jack (2008-12-15). The Man Who Found Time: James Hutton And The Discovery Of Earth's Antiquity. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7867-4399-5. it actually took only six days to create the earth
  53. "CHURCH FATHERS: City of God, Book XI (St. Augustine)". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2020-08-04. These works are recorded to have been completed in six days (the same day being six times repeated), because six is a perfect number
  54. Grossman, Grace Cohen; Ahlborn, Richard E.; Institution, Smithsonian (1997). Judaica at the Smithsonian: Cultural Politics as Cultural Model. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 228. Shavuot falls on the sixth day of the Hebrew month of Sivan
  55. Robertson, William Archibald Scott (1880). The crypt of Canterbury cathedral; its architecture, its history, and its frescoes. Mitchell & Hughes. p. 91. ...but seraphs, with six wings
  56. Shapera, Paul M. (2009-08-15). Iran's Religious Leaders. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4358-5283-9. Islam has six articles of faith
  57. Algül, Hüseyin (2005). The Blessed Days and Nights of the Islamic Year. Tughra Books. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-932099-93-5. ...it was blessed to fast for six days in the month of Shawwal...
  58. "Surah Qaf - 38". Quran.com. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  59. Bary, William Theodore De; DeBary, William T.; Chan, Wing-tsit; Lufrano, Richard; Ching, Julia; Johnson, David; Liu, Kwang-Ching; Mungello, David (1999). Sources of Chinese Tradition. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11270-3. ...and the Six Ministries were made...
  60. Rhoads, Samuel E. (1996). The Sky Tonight: A Guided Tour of the Stars Over Hawaiʻi. Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-930897-93-2. Three Messier objects are visible in this part of the sky : M6, M7 and M8 .
  61. Sedgwick, Marcus (2011-07-05). White Crow. Roaring Brook Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4299-7634-3. The cells of honeycombs are six-sided because a hexagon is the most material-efficient tessellation
  62. Parker, Steve (2005). Ant Lions, Wasps & Other Insects. Capstone. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7565-1250-7. Insects have six legs each...
  63. Pendarvis, Murray P.; Crawley, John L. (2019-02-01). Exploring Biology in the Laboratory: Core Concepts. Morton Publishing Company. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-61731-899-3. ...presently at least six kingdoms are recognized;
  64. Mader, Sylvia S. (2004). Biology. McGraw-Hill. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-07-291934-9. The acronym CHNOPS helps us remember these six elements
  65. Dufour, Fritz (2018-09-19). The Realities of Reality - Part II: Making Sense of Why Modern Science Advances. Vol. 1. Fritz Dufour. p. 100. The benzene molecule has its six carbon atoms in a ring
  66. Starr, Cecie; Evers, Christine (2012-05-10). Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology. Cengage Learning. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-133-36536-5. For example, the atomic number of carbon is 6,
  67. Webb, Stephen; Webb, Professor of Australian Studies Stephen (2004-05-25). Out of this World: Colliding Universes, Branes, Strings, and Other Wild Ideas of Modern Physics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-387-02930-6. snowflake, with its familiar sixfold rotational symmetry
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