Admiral of the Fleet
The flag of an admiral of the Fleet is the Union Flag, and is in 1:2 rather than the 2:3 of other admirals' flags.[1]
Insignia shoulder board and sleeve lace for Admiral of the Fleet
Country United Kingdom
Service branch Royal Navy
AbbreviationADMF
Rank groupFlag officer
RankFive-star
NATO rank codeOF-10
Formation1688
Next lower rankAdmiral
Equivalent ranks

Admiral of the Fleet is a five-star naval officer rank and the highest rank of the Royal Navy, formally established in 1688.[2] The five-star NATO rank code is OF-10, equivalent to a field marshal in the British Army or a Marshal of the Royal Air Force. Apart from honorary appointments, no new admirals of the fleet have been named since 1995, and no honorary appointments have been made since 2014.

History

King George VI and Admiral Bruce Fraser aboard HMS Duke of York at Scapa Flow, August 1943

The origins of the rank can be traced back to John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick, who was appointed 'Admiral of the King's Southern, Northern and Western Fleets' on 18 July 1360.[3] The appointment gave the command of the English navy to one person for the first time; this evolved into the post of Admiral of the Fleet.[4] In the days of sailing ships the admiral distinctions then used by the Royal Navy included distinctions related to the fleet being divided into three divisions – red, white, or blue. Each division was assigned at least one admiral, who in turn commanded a number of vice-admirals and rear admirals. While the full admirals were nominally equals, tradition gave precedence to the Admiral of the White who held the fleet rank in addition to his substantive role.[2]

Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

The Restoration era brought a general reorganisation of naval ranks and structure, including formalisation of the admiral of the fleet role. In a break with tradition the rank was awarded to the most senior Admiral of the Red, who retained this substantive rank while also serving as Admiral of the Fleet. Appointments were for life, remunerated via a £5 daily stipend and an annual allowance of £1,014 for the hiring and maintenance of servants. It was intended that only one officer would hold the rank at any time, with their presence aboard any naval vessel to be denoted by the flying of the Royal Standard from the main mast.[5]

The ranks of Admiral of the Fleet and Admiral of the Red were formally separated from 1805, with an announcement in the London Gazette that "His Majesty [has] been pleased to order the Rank of Admirals of the Red to be restored"[6] in His Majesty's Navy..." as a separate role. The same Gazette promoted 22 men to that rank.[7] From the nineteenth century onward there were also occasional variations to the previous requirement that only one Admiral of Fleet could serve at one time. In 1821 George IV appointed Sir John Jervis as a second admiral of the fleet, to balance the Duke of Wellington's promotion as a second Field Marshal in the British Army. In 1830 King William IV increased the number of admirals of the fleet to three, though these additional lifetime postings subsequently lapsed. Between 1854 and 1857 there was no admiral of the fleet at all as the most senior naval officer of the time – Admiral of the Red Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin – was mentally ill and had not served at sea for forty-five years.[8][9] In deference to Gosselin's seniority the position was instead left vacant until his death in 1857, whereupon it was filled by Admiral Charles Ogle.[5]

Twentieth century

The organisation of the British fleet into coloured squadrons was abandoned in 1864, though the rank of admiral of the fleet was maintained. The title of First Naval Lord was renamed First Sea Lord in 1904.[10]

During the two World Wars a number of serving officers held active commissions as admirals of the fleet, as well as the First Sea Lord. e.g. Sir John Tovey.[11]

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was created an Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal New Zealand Navy in 1954, following the coronation of his wife Elizabeth II as Queen. This promotion was to a New Zealand rank, separate from the Royal Navy rank.[12]

Following the creation of the Chief of the Defence Staff in 1959, the five naval officers appointed to that position became admirals of the fleet. Recognizing the reduced post–Cold War size of the British Armed Forces, no further appointments were made to the rank after 1995 when Sir Benjamin Bathurst was appointed admiral of the fleet on his retirement as First Sea Lord. The rank was not abolished and in 2012 the Prince of Wales (now King Charles III) became an honorary admiral of the fleet (as well as field marshal and marshal of the Royal Air Force), in recognition of his support to Queen Elizabeth II in her role of as Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces. In 2014, Lord Boyce, a former First Sea Lord and Chief of the Defence Staff, was also appointed an honorary admiral of the fleet.[13]

Admirals of the Fleet

Appointed
Image
Name
Born
Died
Notes
Reference
24 September 1688George Legge
(later The Lord Dartmouth)		16471691[14]
30 May 1690Edward Russell
(later The Earl of Orford)		16521727[15]
28 April 1696Sir George Rooke16501709circa[16]
13 January 1705Sir Cloudesley Shovell16501707[17]
8 January 1708Sir John Leake16561720[18]
21 December 1708Sir Stafford Fairborne16661742circa[19]
12 November 1709Sir Matthew Aylmer
(later The Lord Aylmer)		16501720[20]
14 March 1718Sir George Byng
(later The Viscount Torrington)		16631733[21]
20 February 1734Sir John Norris16701749[22]
1 July 1749Sir Chaloner Ogle16811750[23]
22 November 1751James Steuart16901757[24]
March 1757George Clinton16861761[25]
30 July 1761The Lord Anson16971762[26]
17 December 1762Sir William Rowley16901768circa[27]
15 January 1768Sir Edward Hawke
(later The Lord Hawke)		17051781[28]
24 October 1781John Forbes17141796[29]
12 March 1796The Earl Howe17261799[30]
16 September 1799Sir Peter Parker, Bt.17211811[31]
24 December 1811King William IV17651837Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom 1827–1828
appointed at that time as The Duke of Clarence and St Andrews		[32]
19 July 1821The Earl of St Vincent17351823acting from May 1814[33]
28 June 1830William Williams-Freeman17421832[34]
22 July 1830The Lord Gambier17561833[35]
22 July 1830Sir Charles Pole, Bt.17571830[35]
24 April 1833Sir Charles Nugent17591844[36]
8 January 1844Sir James Hawkins-Whitshed17621849[37]
9 November 1846Sir George Martin17641847[38]
13 October 1849Sir Thomas Byam Martin17731854[39]
1 July 1851Sir George Cockburn
(later the Cockburn Baronet)		17721853[40]
8 December 1857Sir Charles Ogle, Bt.17751858[41]
25 June 1858Sir John West17741862[42]
20 May 1862Sir William Gage17771864[43]
10 November 1862Sir Graham Hamond, Bt.17791862[44]
27 April 1863Sir Francis Austen17741865[45]
27 April 1863Sir William Parker, Bt.17811866[46]
11 January 1864Sir Lucius Curtis17861869[47]
12 September 1865Sir Thomas Cochrane17891872[48]
30 November 1866Sir George Seymour17871870[49]
30 January 1868Sir James Gordon17821869on the Retired List[50]
15 January 1869Sir William Bowles17801869[51]
2 July 1869Sir George Sartorius17901885[52]
21 January 1870Sir Fairfax Moresby17861877[53]
20 October 1872Sir Houston Stewart17911875[54]
11 December 1875Sir Provo Wallis17911892[55]
22 January 1877Sir Henry Codrington18081877[56]
5 August 1877Sir Henry Keppel18091904[57]
27 December 1877The Earl of Lauderdale18031878[58]
27 December 1877Sir Rodney Mundy18051884[58]
15 June 1879Sir James Hope18081881[59]
15 June 1879Sir Thomas Symonds18131894[59]
10 June 1881Sir Alexander Milne, Bt.18061896on the Retired List[60]
1 December 1881Sir Charles Elliot18181895[61]
29 April 1885Sir Alfred Ryder18201888[62]
18 July 1887King Edward VII18411910Honorary appointment to non-Navy royalty and at that time The Prince of Wales[63]
1 May 1888Sir Geoffrey Hornby18251895[64]
8 December 1888Lord John Hay18271916First Sea Lord 1886[65]
2 August 1889Emperor William II18591941honorary, to foreign royalty[66]
13 February 1892Sir John Commerell18291901[67]
3 June 1893The Duke of Edinburgh
(later The Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)		18441900[68]
20 February 1895The Earl of Clanwilliam18321907[69]
23 August 1897Sir Algernon Lyons18331908[70]
29 November 1898Sir Frederick Richards18331912First Sea Lord 1893–1899[71]
13 January 1899Sir Nowell Salmon18351912[72]
3 October 1902Sir James Erskine18381911[73]
30 August 1903Sir Charles Hotham18431925[74]
16 June 1904Lord Walter Kerr18391927First Sea Lord 1899–1904[75]
20 February 1905Sir Edward Seymour18401929[76]
5 December 1905Sir John Fisher
(later The Lord Fisher)		18411920First Sea Lord 1905–1910 and 1914–1915[77]
1 March 1907Sir Arthur Wilson18421921First Sea Lord 1910–1911[78]
11 June 1908HIM Tsar Nicholas II of Russia18681918honorary, to foreign royalty[79]
2 December 1908Sir Gerard Noel18451918[80]
27 January 1910Prince Henry of Prussia18621929honorary, to foreign royalty[81]
30 April 1910Sir Arthur Fanshawe18471936[82]
6 May 1910 King George V18651936[83]
20 March 1913Sir William May18491930[84]
5 March 1915Sir Hedworth Meux18561929[85]
2 April 1917Sir George Callaghan18521920[86]
3 April 1919The Viscount Jellicoe
(later The Earl Jellicoe)		18591935First Sea Lord 1916–1918[87]
3 April 1919Sir David Beatty
(later The Earl Beatty)		18711936First Sea Lord 1919–1927[88]
31 July 1919Sir Henry Jackson18551929First Sea Lord 1915–1916[89]
1 November 1919Sir Rosslyn Wemyss
(later The Lord Wester Wemyss)		18641933First Sea Lord 1918–1919[90]
24 November 1920Sir Cecil Burney
(later the Burney baronet)		18581929[91]
5 July 1921Sir Doveton Sturdee, Bt.18591925[92]
19 August 1921The Marquess of Milford Haven18541921First Sea Lord 1912–1914. On the Retired List[93]
31 July 1924Sir Charles Madden, Bt.18621935First Sea Lord 1927–1930[94]
8 May 1925Sir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe18641937[95]
24 November 1925Sir John de Robeck, Bt.18621928[96]
21 January 1928Sir Henry Oliver18651965[97]
31 July 1929Sir Osmond Brock18691947[98]
8 May 1930Sir Roger Keyes, Bt.
(later The Lord Keyes)		18721945[99]
21 January 1933Sir Frederick Field18711945First Sea Lord 1930–1933[100]
31 July 1934Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt, Bt.18701951[101]
8 May 1935Sir Ernle Chatfield
(later The Lord Chatfield)		18731967First Sea Lord 1933–1938[102]
21 January 1936King Edward VIII18941972[103]
12 July 1936Sir John Kelly18711936[104]
11 December 1936King George VI18951952[105]
21 January 1938The Earl of Cork and Orrery18731967[106]
7 July 1939Sir Roger Backhouse18781939First Sea Lord 1938–1939[107]
31 July 1939Sir Dudley Pound18771943First Sea Lord 1939–1943[108]
8 May 1940Sir Charles Forbes18801960[109]
21 January 1943Sir Andrew Cunningham
(later The Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope)		18831963First Sea Lord 1943–1946[110]
22 October 1943Sir John Tovey
(later The Lord Tovey)		18851971[111]
8 May 1945Sir James Somerville18821949[112]
21 January 1948Sir John Cunningham18851965First Sea Lord 1946–1948[113]
22 October 1948The Lord Fraser of North Cape18881981First Sea Lord 1948–1951[114]
20 March 1949Sir Algernon Willis18891976[115]
22 April 1952Sir Arthur Power18891960[116]
1 June 1952Sir Philip Vian18941968[117]
15 January 1953The Duke of Edinburgh19212021Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom 2011–2021[118][119]
1 May 1953Sir Rhoderick McGrigor18931959First Sea Lord 1951–1955[120]
22 April 1955Sir George Creasy18951972[121]
22 October 1956The Earl Mountbatten of Burma19001979First Sea Lord 1955–1959 Chief of the Defence Staff 1959–1965[122]
10 May 1960Sir Charles Lambe19001960First Sea Lord 1959–1960[123]
23 May 1962Sir Caspar John19031984First Sea Lord 1960–1963[124]
12 August 1968Sir Varyl Begg19081995First Sea Lord 1966–1968[125]
30 June 1970Sir Michael Le Fanu19131970First Sea Lord 1968–1970[126]
12 March 1971Sir Peter Hill-Norton
(later The Lord Hill-Norton)		19152004First Sea Lord 1970–1971 Chief of the Defence Staff 1971–73[127]
1 March 1974Sir Michael Pollock19162006First Sea Lord 1971–1974[128]
9 February 1977Sir Edward Ashmore19192016First Sea Lord 1977-1977 Chief of the Defence Staff 1977[129]
6 July 1979Sir Terence Lewin
(later The Lord Lewin)		19201999First Sea Lord 1977–1979 Chief of the Defence Staff 1979–1982[130]
1 December 1982Sir Henry Leach19232011First Sea Lord 1979–1982[131]
2 August 1985Sir John Fieldhouse
(later The Lord Fieldhouse)		19281992First Sea Lord 1982–1985 Chief of the Defence Staff 1985–1988[132]
12 April 1988King Olav V of Norway19031991honorary, to foreign royalty[133]
25 May 1989Sir William Staveley19281997First Sea Lord 1985–1989[134]
2 March 1993Sir Julian Oswald19332011First Sea Lord 1989–1993[135]
10 July 1995Sir Benjamin Bathurst1936LivingFirst Sea Lord 1993–1995[136]
16 June 2012King Charles III1948LivingLord High Admiral of the United Kingdom Since 2022
Honorary appointment and at that time The Prince of Wales		[137]
13 June 2014The Lord Boyce19432022Chief of the Defence Staff 2001–2003. Honorary rank[138]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Prothero, David (3 December 2002). "United Kingdom: Royal Navy rank flags". Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 28 June 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2006.
  2. 1 2 "Information sheet no 055: Squadron Colours" (PDF). nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk. The National Museum Royal Navy. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  3. ↑ St. George Tucker (1996). Blackstone's commentaries: with notes of reference to the constitution and laws, of the federal government of the United States, and of the Commonwealth of Virginia; with an appendix to each volume, containing short tracts upon such subjects as appeared necessary to form a connected view of the laws of Virginia as a member of the federal union. Vol. 1 (Originally published: Philadelphia : William Young Birch, and Abraham Small, 1803. ed.). Union, NJ: Lawbook Exchange. p. xxxiii. ISBN 9781886363168.
  4. ↑ "Trafalgar Ancestors, Glossary". nationalarchives.gov.uk. National Archives, 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  5. 1 2 Kemp, Peter, ed. (1993). The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 0192820842.
  6. ↑ The Dictionary of National Biography (Volume 20, page 394) says of James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier that he "seems to have been as ignorant of naval history as careless of naval prestige, and must be considered one of the chief of the perpetrators of the official blunder which, in the warrant of 9 Nov. 1805 appointing admirals of the red, spoke of the rank as restored to the navy, whereas, in point of fact, it had never previously existed."
  7. ↑ "No. 15859". The London Gazette. 5 November 1805. p. 1373.
  8. ↑ O'Byrne, William Richard (1849). "Gosselin, Thomas Le Marchant" . A Naval Biographical Dictionary . John Murray – via Wikisource.
  9. ↑ Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gosselin, Thomas le Marchant" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 22. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  10. ↑ Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. p. 81. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
  11. ↑ "No. 36255". The London Gazette. 19 November 1943. p. 5088.
  12. ↑ Heald, Tim (1991). The Duke: A Portrait of Prince Philip. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 264–267. ISBN 0-340-54607-7.
  13. ↑ "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  14. ↑ "Naval Ranks NMRN Portsmouth". www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk. The National Museum Royal Navy, Portsmouth. 2019. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  15. ↑ "Russell, Edward, Earl of Orford". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24304. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  16. ↑ Hattendorf, John B. (2004). "Rooke, Sir George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24059. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  17. ↑ "Shovell, Sir Cloudesley". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25470. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  18. ↑ "Leake, Sir John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16238. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  19. ↑ "Fairborne, Stafford". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9069. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  20. ↑ "Aylmer, Matthew". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/936. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  21. ↑ "Byng, George, first Viscount Torrington". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4262. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  22. ↑ Heathcote, p. 197.
  23. ↑ "No. 8864". The London Gazette. 4 July 1749. p. 6.
  24. ↑ Heathcote p. 236.
  25. ↑ Heathcote, p. 45.
  26. ↑ "No. 10126". The London Gazette. 28 July 1761. p. 2.
  27. ↑ "No. 10275". The London Gazette. 1 January 1763. p. 1.
  28. ↑ Heathcote, p. 109.
  29. ↑ Heathcote, p. 87.
  30. ↑ "No. 13875". The London Gazette. 15 March 1796. p. 258.
  31. ↑ Heathcote, p. 271.
  32. ↑ "No. 16554". The London Gazette. 21 December 1811. p. 2454.
  33. ↑ "No. 17727". The London Gazette. 20 July 1821. p. 1511.
  34. ↑ "No. 18701". The London Gazette. 2 July 1830. p. 1369.
  35. 1 2 "No. 18709". The London Gazette. 23 July 1830. p. 1539.
  36. ↑ "No. 19042". The London Gazette. 26 April 1833. p. 793.
  37. ↑ "No. 20305". The London Gazette. 16 January 1844. p. 146.
  38. ↑ "No. 20660". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1846. p. 3994.
  39. ↑ "No. 21037". The London Gazette. 13 November 1849. p. 3387.
  40. ↑ "No. 21225". The London Gazette. 8 July 1851. p. 1769.
  41. ↑ "No. 22071". The London Gazette. 11 December 1857. p. 4367.
  42. ↑ "No. 22157". The London Gazette. 29 June 1858. p. 3090.
  43. ↑ "No. 22627". The London Gazette. 20 May 1862. p. 2616.
  44. ↑ "No. 22679". The London Gazette. 10 November 1862. p. 5343.
  45. ↑ "No. 22730". The London Gazette. 28 April 1863. p. 2246.
  46. ↑ "No. 22730". The London Gazette. 28 April 1863. p. 2246.
  47. ↑ "No. 22806". The London Gazette. 12 January 1864. p. 157.
  48. ↑ "No. 23014". The London Gazette. 15 September 1865. p. 4466.
  49. ↑ "No. 23187". The London Gazette. 20 November 1866. p. 6158.
  50. ↑ "No. 23349". The London Gazette. 4 February 1868. p. 537.
  51. ↑ "No. 23462". The London Gazette. 26 January 1869. p. 407.
  52. ↑ "No. 23516". The London Gazette. 13 July 1869. p. 3958.
  53. ↑ "No. 23582". The London Gazette. 1 February 1870. p. 598.
  54. ↑ "No. 23915". The London Gazette. 1 November 1872. p. 5106.
  55. ↑ "No. 24278". The London Gazette. 24 December 1875. p. 6577.
  56. ↑ "No. 24411". The London Gazette. 30 January 1877. p. 436.
  57. ↑ "No. 24497". The London Gazette. 24 August 1877. p. 4957.
  58. 1 2 "No. 24537". The London Gazette. 1 January 1878. p. 2.
  59. 1 2 "No. 24734". The London Gazette. 17 June 1879. p. 3967.
  60. ↑ "No. 24997". The London Gazette. 19 July 1881. p. 3548.
  61. ↑ "No. 25044". The London Gazette. 2 December 1881. p. 6470.
  62. ↑ "No. 25466". The London Gazette. 1 May 1885. p. 1984.
  63. ↑ Heathcote, p. 68.
  64. ↑ "No. 25816". The London Gazette. 15 May 1888. p. 2766.
  65. ↑ "No. 25883". The London Gazette. 14 December 1888. p. 7140.
  66. ↑ Heathcote, p. 261.
  67. ↑ "No. 26262". The London Gazette. 26 February 1892. p. 1108.
  68. ↑ Heathcote, p. 10.
  69. ↑ "No. 26601". The London Gazette. 22 February 1895. p. 1066.
  70. ↑ "No. 26885". The London Gazette. 24 August 1897. p. 4726.
  71. ↑ "No. 27029". The London Gazette. 2 December 1898. p. 7818.
  72. ↑ "No. 27043". The London Gazette. 17 January 1899. p. 298.
  73. ↑ "No. 27483". The London Gazette. 17 October 1902. p. 6569.
  74. ↑ "No. 27593". The London Gazette. 1 September 1903. p. 5476.
  75. ↑ "No. 27692". The London Gazette. 5 July 1904. p. 4259.
  76. ↑ "No. 27766". The London Gazette. 21 February 1905. p. 1279.
  77. ↑ "No. 27861". The London Gazette. 8 December 1905. p. 8812.
  78. ↑ "No. 28001". The London Gazette. 5 March 1907. p. 1574.
  79. ↑ Heathcote, p. 192.
  80. ↑ "No. 28201". The London Gazette. 1 December 1908. p. 9182.
  81. ↑ Heathcote, p. 113.
  82. ↑ "No. 28362". The London Gazette. 3 May 1910. p. 3063.
  83. ↑ Heathcote, p. 98.
  84. ↑ "No. 28703". The London Gazette. 21 March 1913. p. 2159.
  85. ↑ "No. 29094". The London Gazette. 9 March 1915. p. 2365.
  86. ↑ "No. 30008". The London Gazette. 3 April 1917. p. 3206.
  87. ↑ "No. 31327". The London Gazette. 6 May 1919. p. 5653.
  88. ↑ "No. 31327". The London Gazette. 6 May 1919. p. 5653.
  89. ↑ "No. 31489". The London Gazette. 5 August 1919. p. 9961.
  90. ↑ "No. 31715". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 1920. p. 57.
  91. ↑ "No. 32150". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 December 1920. p. 11942.
  92. ↑ "No. 32394". The London Gazette. 19 July 1921. p. 5733.
  93. ↑ Order in Council of 19 August 1921; ADM 196/38.
  94. ↑ "No. 32962". The London Gazette. 5 August 1924. p. 5889.
  95. ↑ "No. 33049". The London Gazette. 22 May 1925. p. 3445.
  96. ↑ "No. 33110". The London Gazette. 1 December 1925. p. 7950.
  97. ↑ "No. 33354". The London Gazette. 7 February 1928. p. 856.
  98. ↑ "No. 33523". The London Gazette. 6 August 1929. p. 5145.
  99. ↑ "No. 33604". The London Gazette. 9 May 1930. p. 2867.
  100. ↑ "No. 33905". The London Gazette. 24 January 1933. p. 524.
  101. ↑ "No. 34076". The London Gazette. 7 August 1934. p. 5054.
  102. ↑ "No. 34159". The London Gazette. 10 May 1935. p. 3048.
  103. ↑ Heathcote, p. 69.
  104. ↑ "No. 34308". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 July 1936. p. 4742.
  105. ↑ Heathcote, p. 99.
  106. ↑ "No. 34476". The London Gazette. 25 January 1938. p. 512.
  107. ↑ Heathcote, p. 21.
  108. ↑ "No. 34651". The London Gazette. 4 August 1939. p. 5393.
  109. ↑ "No. 34849". The London Gazette. 14 May 1940. p. 2892.
  110. ↑ Heathcote, p. 60.
  111. ↑ "No. 36255". The London Gazette. 19 November 1943. p. 5088.
  112. ↑ Heathcote, p. 233.
  113. ↑ "No. 38210". The London Gazette. 17 February 1948. p. 1128.
  114. ↑ Heathcote, p. 90.
  115. ↑ "No. 38595". The London Gazette. 26 April 1949. p. 2052.
  116. ↑ "No. 39571". The London Gazette. 13 June 1952. p. 3238.
  117. ↑ "No. 39606". The London Gazette. 25 July 1952. p. 3999.
  118. ↑ Heathcote, p. 210.
  119. ↑ "No. 39754". The London Gazette. 16 January 1953. p. 358.
  120. ↑ Heathcote, p. 162.
  121. ↑ "No. 40487". The London Gazette. 24 May 1955. p. 3011.
  122. ↑ "No. 40927". The London Gazette. 16 November 1956. p. 6492.
  123. ↑ "No. 42058". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 June 1960. p. 4037.
  124. ↑ "No. 42704". The London Gazette. 15 June 1962. p. 4777.
  125. ↑ Heathcote, p. 29.
  126. ↑ "No. 45138". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1970. p. 7183.
  127. ↑ "No. 45331". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 March 1971. p. 2937.
  128. ↑ "No. 46225". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 March 1974. p. 2887.
  129. ↑ "No. 47160". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1977. p. 2825.
  130. ↑ "No. 47904". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 July 1979. p. 8998.
  131. ↑ "No. 49174". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 November 1982. p. 15293.
  132. ↑ Heathcote, p. 78.
  133. ↑ "No. 51297". The London Gazette (3rd supplement). 12 April 1988. p. 4327.
  134. ↑ Heathcote, p. 235.
  135. ↑ Oswald, Julian (1993). "Conventional Deterrence and Military Diplomacy". The RUSI Journal. RUSI. 138 (2): 29–30. doi:10.1080/03071849308445694.
  136. ↑ Heathcote, p. 23.
  137. ↑ "No. 60350". The London Gazette. 7 December 2012. p. 23557.
  138. ↑ "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.

Sources

  • Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
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