Fred Urquhart

Born
Frederick Albert Urquhart

December 13, 1911
DiedNovember 3, 2002(2002-11-03) (aged 90)
Alma materUniversity of Toronto
Known forResearch on monarch butterflies
SpouseNorah Roden (Patterson) Urquhart
AwardsOrder of Canada
Scientific career
FieldsZoology, Entomology
InstitutionsScarborough College

University of Toronto

Royal Ontario Museum
Thesis (1949)
Norah Roden Urquhart

Born
Norah Roden Patterson

(1918-06-23)June 23, 1918
DiedMarch 13, 2009(2009-03-13) (aged 90)
NationalityCanadian
OccupationZoologist
Known forResearch on monarch butterflies
SpouseFrederick Albert Urquhart
AwardsOrder of Canada

Frederick Albert Urquhart CM (December 13, 1911 – November 3, 2002) was a Canadian zoologist and professor of zoology who studied the migration of monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus L.[1][2] Together with his wife, Norah Roden Urquhart CM, he identified their migration routes, discovered that the migration spans multiple generations of butterflies, and found their wintering place in Mexico—considered "one of the greatest natural history discoveries" of the 20th-century.[2]

Early life

Urquhart was born in Toronto, Canada.[3] He attended the University of Toronto, graduating in 1935 with a degree in biology.[1][3] He received the Bensley Fellowship for his graduate studies in entomology, receiving an MA in 1937 and a Ph.D. in 1940.[1][3] During World War II he taught meteorology to students in the Royal Canadian Air Force.[3] On July 21, 1945, he married Norah Roden Patterson. She became his full collaborator in butterfly research, although she did not have a Ph.D.[4]

Career

Following the war in 1945, he began work as the assistant director of zoology at the Royal Ontario Museum.[3] He also began working as a part-time assistant professor of zoology at the University of Toronto in 1948, while still working for the museum.[3] In 1949, he was promoted to the position of the director of zoology and paleontology at the Royal Ontario Museum.[3] He became a full-time associate professor of zoology at the University of Toronto in 1961, moving up to a full professor in 1963.[3]

In 1966 he helped to organize and teach the zoology program at Scarborough College, now the University of Toronto Scarborough.[3] He was a popular lecturer and produced a highly successful television lecture series.[3]

He wrote four books, a monograph, and 62 papers in peer-reviewed journals, as well as numerous scientific reports and popular articles.[3] His best known books are The Monarch Butterfly (University of Toronto Press, 1960) and The Monarch Butterfly: International Traveler (University of Toronto Press, 1987).[3] He retired in 1977.[3]

Monarch research

Urquhart's research on the route and destination of the insects started in 1937 and lasted for 38 years.[3] Working with his wife Norah, he tracked the trails of the butterflies by tagging the wings of thousands of individual butterflies.[3] They founded the first Insect Migration Association, today known as Monarch Watch, and recruited hundreds of volunteers or "citizen scientists" who helped in their research by tagging butterflies and reporting findings and sightings.[5] The Urquharts raised thousands of monarchs at their home in Scarborough, Ontario, as well as using the facilities of the University of Toronto to analyze their findings and do research.[6][7]

The Urquharts identified several distinct migration routes but were baffled why the trail seemed to disappear in Texas in the late fall, only to reappear in the spring. They sought help in Mexico and recruited a pair of naturalists to search for the butterflies. On January 9, 1975, Kenneth C. Brugger and his wife Catalina Trail (then known as Cathy Aguado) finally located the first known wintering refuge for the butterflies on a mountaintop in Michoacán, Mexico, more than 4,000 kilometers from the starting point of their migration.[8]

In 1976, the Urquharts traveled to Mexico to view the long-sought wintering site for themselves. His article "Discovered: The Monarch's Mexican Haven" was published in National Geographic magazine in August 1976, and featured a cover photograph of Trail covered with butterflies.[8] A dozen such sites are now known in Mexico; they are protected as ecological preserves by the Mexican government.[3] The area is now a World Heritage Site known as the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. Current conservation efforts are aimed at protecting monarchs in their breeding areas in the US and Canada.[6]

Among other discoveries, the Urquharts learned that the butterflies only travel in daylight and can fly up to 130 kilometres (81 mi) in a day.[6] The trip north spans several generations of monarchs, while a much-longer-lived "super generation" flies from the northern reaches of the butterfly's range all the way to Mexico, overwinters there, and breeds in the spring to start the next generation flying north.[5]

Professional affiliations

Urquhart helped found the Federation of Ontario Naturalists in the 1940s.[3] The Unquharts founded the Insect Migration Association.

Recognition

Personal life

Fred Urquhart died in 2002 at the age of 90 in Pickering, Ontario.[12] Norah died on March 13, 2009, also in Pickering and also at age 90.[4]

Select publications

Books

  • The Monarch Butterfly. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1960.[3]
  • The Monarch Butterfly: International Traveler. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.[3]

Journal articles

  • "Found at Last: The Monarch's Winter Home". National Geographic, August 1976.[8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Urquhart, Frederick Albert "Fred" (oral history) - Discover Archives". University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Mr. Federick Albert Urquhart". The Governor General of Canada. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "Dr. Fred Urquhart - In Memoriam". University of Toronto Bulletin, reproduced at MonarchWatch News, archived via Wayback Machine. June 9, 2003. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 "Mrs. Norah Roden Urquhart". The Governor General of Canada. May 6, 1998. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  5. 1 2 "Flight of the Butterflies". Reuben H. Fleet Science Center. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 "Frederick Urquhart—A Short Biography". Urquhart Butterfly Garden. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  7. "Norah Urquhart a pioneer in monarch butterfly research". Inside Toronto. April 23, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 Urquhart, Fred A. (August 1976). "Found at last: the monarch's winter home (archived October 9, 2022, via the Wayback Machine)". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 12, 2016.
  9. "About the Garden". Urquhart Butterfly Garden. June 8, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  10. Maeckle, Monika (July 10, 2012). "Founder of the Monarch Butterfly Roosting Sites in Mexico Lives a Quiet Life in Austin, Texas". Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  11. "Flight of the Butterflies". SK Films. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  12. Dale, Daniel (April 18, 2009). "Couple's home was butterfly ground zero". Toronto Star. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
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