In abstract algebra, Hilbert's Theorem 90 (or Satz 90) is an important result on cyclic extensions of fields (or to one of its generalizations) that leads to Kummer theory. In its most basic form, it states that if L/K is an extension of fields with cyclic Galois group G = Gal(L/K) generated by an element and if is an element of L of relative norm 1, that is

then there exists in L such that

The theorem takes its name from the fact that it is the 90th theorem in David Hilbert's Zahlbericht (Hilbert 1897, 1998), although it is originally due to Kummer (1855,p.213, 1861).

Often a more general theorem due to Emmy Noether (1933) is given the name, stating that if L/K is a finite Galois extension of fields with arbitrary Galois group G = Gal(L/K), then the first cohomology group of G, with coefficients in the multiplicative group of L, is trivial:

Examples

Let be the quadratic extension . The Galois group is cyclic of order 2, its generator acting via conjugation:

An element in has norm . An element of norm one thus corresponds to a rational solution of the equation or in other words, a point with rational coordinates on the unit circle. Hilbert's Theorem 90 then states that every such element a of norm one can be written as

where is as in the conclusion of the theorem, and c and d are both integers. This may be viewed as a rational parametrization of the rational points on the unit circle. Rational points on the unit circle correspond to Pythagorean triples, i.e. triples of integers satisfying .

Cohomology

The theorem can be stated in terms of group cohomology: if L× is the multiplicative group of any (not necessarily finite) Galois extension L of a field K with corresponding Galois group G, then

Specifically, group cohomology is the cohomology of the complex whose i-cochains are arbitrary functions from i-tuples of group elements to the multiplicative coefficient group, , with differentials defined in dimensions by:

where denotes the image of the -module element under the action of the group element . Note that in the first of these we have identified a 0-cochain , with its unique image value . The triviality of the first cohomology group is then equivalent to the 1-cocycles being equal to the 1-coboundaries , viz.:

For cyclic , a 1-cocycle is determined by , with and:

On the other hand, a 1-coboundary is determined by . Equating these gives the original version of the Theorem.


A further generalization is to cohomology with non-abelian coefficients: that if H is either the general or special linear group over L, including , then

Another generalization is to a scheme X:

where is the group of isomorphism classes of locally free sheaves of -modules of rank 1 for the Zariski topology, and is the sheaf defined by the affine line without the origin considered as a group under multiplication. [1]

There is yet another generalization to Milnor K-theory which plays a role in Voevodsky's proof of the Milnor conjecture.

Proof

Let be cyclic of degree and generate . Pick any of norm

By clearing denominators, solving is the same as showing that has as an eigenvalue. We extend this to a map of -vector spaces via

The primitive element theorem gives for some . Since has minimal polynomial

we can identify

via

Here we wrote the second factor as a -polynomial in .

Under this identification, our map becomes

That is to say under this map

is an eigenvector with eigenvalue iff has norm .

References

  1. Milne, James S. (2013). "Lectures on Etale Cohomology (v2.21)" (PDF). p. 80.
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