Voiced labiodental approximant
ʋ
IPA Number150
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʋ
Unicode (hex)U+028B
X-SAMPAP or v\
Braille⠦ (braille pattern dots-236) ⠧ (braille pattern dots-1236)

The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is something between an English /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʋ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\. With an advanced diacritic, ʋ̟, this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely.[1][2]

The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ʋ̥]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.[3]

Features

Features of the voiced labiodental approximant:

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Äiwoo nyiveli [ɲiʋeli] 'garden land'[4]
ArmenianEastern[5]ոսկի[ʋɔski]'gold'
Assyrianhawa ܗܘܐ[hɑːʋɑ]'wind'Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [v] is used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties.
CatalanBalearicfava[ˈfɑʋɐ]'bean'Allophone of /v/.[6] See Catalan phonology
Valencian[6]
Chinese Mandarin

/ wèi

[we̞i]

[ʋêi]

'for' Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Chuvash аван [aʋ'an] 'good, well' Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Dhivehi ވަޅު / valhu [ʋaɭu] 'well' (noun)
DanishStandard[7]véd[ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]'know(s)'Also described as a short plosive [b̪̆]; rarely realized as a fricative [v] instead.[8] See Danish phonology
DutchStandardwang[ʋɑŋ]'cheek'In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [β̞]. See Dutch phonology
EnglishIndian[3]vine [ʋaɪ̯n]'vine'Corresponds to a fricative [v] in other accents.
Some speakersrine'rine'Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal[9] (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization
Faroese[10]ða[ˈɹøːʋa]'speech'Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [v].[10] See Faroese phonology
Finnishvauva[ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ]'baby'See Finnish phonology
GermanSwisswas[ʋas]'what'Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German[11]
Guaraníavañe'ẽ[ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]'Guaraní language'Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/
Hawaiianwikiwiki[ʋikiʋiki]'fast'May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology
Hindustani Hindiवाला[ʋɑːlɑː](the) 'one'Also an allophone of /w/. See Hindustani phonology.
Urdu والا
ItalianSome speakers[12]raro[ˈʋäːʋo]'rare'Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].[12] See Italian phonology.
Khmerអាវុធ / avŭth[ʔɑːʋut]'weapon'See Khmer phonology
Lao ຫວານ / Van [ʋaːn˩(˧)] 'sweet' See Lao phonology
Marathiजन[ʋə(d)zən]'weight'See Marathi phonology
Miyako[13][ʋ̩tɑ]'thick'May be syllabic.
NorwegianUrban East[14][15]venn[ʋe̞nː]'friend'Sometimes realized as a fricative [v].[15][16] See Norwegian phonology
Nsengaŵanthu[ʋaⁿtʰu]'people'
Punjabi Gurmukhiਵਾਲ[ʋäːl]'hair'
Shahmukhi وال
Russian[17]волосы[ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]'hair'Common realization of /v/; contrasts with palatalized form.[17] See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatianцврчак / cvrčak[t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak]'cricket'/v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant).[18][19]
Shonavanhu[ʋan̤u]'people'Contrasts with /v/ and /w/.
Slovak[20]voda[ˈʋo̞dä]'water'Usual realization of /v/.[20] See Slovak phonology
Slovene[21]veter[ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ]'wind'Also described as fricative [v].[22][23] See Slovene phonology
SwedishSome speakersvän[ʋɛːn]'friend'See Swedish phonology
Spanish[24] Chilean hablar [äʋˈläɾ] 'to speak' Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology
Tamilவாய்[ʋɑj]'mouth'See Tamil phonology
Telugu[ʋala]'net'
Ukrainian[25]він[ʋin]'he'Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/.[25] See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisianwêr[ʋɛːr]'where'See West Frisian phonology

See also

References

  1. Peter Ladefoged (1968) A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey, p. 26.
  2. Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane (1996), Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study, vol. 1, p. 79
  3. 1 2 Mesthrie (2004:960)
  4. Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo. Coombs Building, Fellows Rd, Canberra, A.C.T. ISBN 978-1-922185-37-2. OCLC 970690673.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
  6. 1 2 Saborit Vilar (2009:52)
  7. Basbøll (2005:62)
  8. Basbøll (2005:27 and 66)
  9. Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?)
  10. 1 2 Árnason (2011:115)
  11. Schmid, Stephan (2010), Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects, archived from the original on 2016-03-04, retrieved 2015-04-27
  12. 1 2 Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
  13. Thomas Pellard, Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages Archived 2015-10-18 at the Wayback Machine (presentation)
  14. Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25)
  15. 1 2 Vanvik (1979:41)
  16. Kristoffersen (2000:74)
  17. 1 2 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
  18. Morén (2005:5–6)
  19. Wayles Brown & Theresa Alt (2004), A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, SEELRC
  20. 1 2 Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
  21. Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
  22. Priestley (2002:394)
  23. Greenberg (2006:18)
  24. "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF).
  25. 1 2 Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122)

Bibliography

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