| Uruguayan Portuguese | |
|---|---|
| português uruguaio | |
| Native to | North-eastern Uruguay, near Brazilian border |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2016)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAA-am[2] |
| IETF | pt-UY |
| This article is part of a series on the |
| Culture of Uruguay |
|---|
 |
 Uruguay Portal |
Uruguayan Portuguese (português uruguaio, [poɾtuˈɣes uɾuˈɣwajo]), also known as fronteiriço[2] ([fɾõteˈɾiso]) and riverense, and referred to by its speakers as portunhol[3] (local pronunciation: [poɾtuˈɲɔl]), is a variety of Portuguese in South America with heavy influence from Rioplatense Spanish. It is spoken in north-eastern Uruguay, near the Brazilian border, mainly in the region of the twin cities of Rivera (Uruguay) and Santana do Livramento (Brazil). This section of the frontier is called "Peace Border" (Portuguese: Fronteira da Paz; Spanish: Frontera de la Paz), because there is no legal obstacle to crossing the border between the two countries.
The varieties of Uruguayan Portuguese share many similarities with the countryside dialects of the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, such as the denasalization of final unstressed nasal vowels, replacement of lateral palatal /ʎ/ with semivowel /j/, no raising of final unstressed /e/, alveolar trill /r/ instead of the guttural R, and lateral realization of coda /l/ instead of L-vocalization. The first two features are rare among accents of Portuguese, whereas L-vocalization is the norm in Brazil but not in other countries.[4]
Recent changes in Uruguayan Portuguese include the urbanization of this variety, acquiring characteristics from urban Brazilian Portuguese such as a distinction between /ʎ/ and /j/, affrication of /t/ and /d/ before /i/ and /ĩ/, and other features of Brazilian broadcast media.[5]
History
The origin of Portuguese in Uruguay can be traced back to the time of the dominion of the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, and the Empire of Brazil. In those times, the ownership of those lands was not very well defined, passing back and forth from the hands of one crown to the other. Before its independence after the Cisplatine War in 1828, Uruguay was one of the provinces of the Empire of Brazil.
Portuguese was the only language spoken throughout northern Uruguay until the end of the 19th century. To assure the homogeneity of the newly formed country, the government made an effort to impose the Spanish language into lusophone communities through educational policies and language planning, and bilingualism became widespread and diglossic.[6]
Phonology
Vowels
| Uruguayan Portuguese (IPA) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Spanish (Rioplatense dialect) | Brazilian Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | [ˈpapa] | papa | batata | potato |
| [kataˈɾata] | catarata | catarata / queda d'água | waterfall | |
| e | [ˈpeʃe] | pez | peixe | fish |
| [deterˈχente] | detergente | detergente | detergent | |
| i | [ˈsisko] | basura | lixo | garbage |
| [ˈniɲo] | nido | ninho | nest | |
| j | [sja] | cenar | jantar/cear | to have dinner |
| o | [onˈtonte] | anteayer | anteontem | day before yesterday |
| [ˈojo] | ojo | olho | eye | |
| [ˈposo] | pozo | poço | well | |
| u | [ʒuɾuˈɾu] | triste, melancólico | triste, melancólico/jururu | sad, melancholic |
| [nu] | en el | no/em | in the (m.) | |
| w | [aˈkwa] | ladrar | latir/ladrar | to bark |
| ɛ | [tɛ] | té | chá | tea |
| [pɛl] | piel | pele | skin | |
| [ˈvɛja] | vieja | velha | old (f.) | |
| ɔ | [fɔˈfɔka] | chisme | fofoca | gossip |
| [ˈpɔso] | puedo | posso | (I) can | |
| ã | [maˈsã] | manzana | maçã | apple |
| [lã] | lana | lã | wool | |
| [sã] | sana (adj.) | sã | healthy (f.) | |
| [ˈkãʃa] | cancha | campo desportivo | sports ground | |
| ẽ | [ˈpẽsaw̃] | piensan | pensam | (they) think |
| ĩ | [ĩˈtõse] | entonces | então | then |
| õ | [ɡarˈsõ] | mozo (de bar o restaurante) | garçom/empregado de mesa | waiter (bar, restaurant) |
| [tõ] | tono | tom | tone | |
| [ĩˈtõse] | entonces | então | then | |
| ũ | [ũ] | uno | um | one (m.) |
| [kũˈtiɣo] | contigo | contigo | with you | |
| [niˈɲũa] | ninguna | nenhuma | no one (f.) | |
| w̃ | [maw̃] | mano | mão | hand |
Consonants
See also
References
- ↑ Portugues at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- 1 2 "Fronteiriço - hortensj-garden.org". www.hortensj-garden.org.
- ↑ Lipski (2006:7)
- ↑ Carvalho (2004:131)
- ↑ Carvalho (2004:144)
- ↑ Carvalho (2004:130)
Bibliography
- CARVALHO, Ana Maria. Variation and diffusion of Uruguayan Portuguese in a bilingual border town, by Ana Maria Carvalho, University of California at Berkeley USA. (PDF)
- Douglas, Kendra. 2004. Uruguayan Portuguese in Artigas: Tri-dimensionality of transitional local varieties in contact with Spanish and Portuguese standards. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Ph.D. dissertation.
- Lipski, John M. (2006). "Too close for comfort? The genesis of "portuñol/portunhol"" (PDF). Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. ed. Timothy L. Face and Carol A. Klee, 1–22. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) (PDF) - Nicolás Brian, Claudia Brovetto, Javier Geymonat, Portugués del Uruguay y educación bilingüe
- Penny, Ralph (2000). Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521780452. [Contains a section on Portuñol].
- Carvalho, Ana Maria (2004), "I speak like the guys on TV: Palatalization and the urbanization of Uruguayan Portuguese", Language Variation and Change, 16 (2): 127–151, doi:10.1017/S0954394504162030, S2CID 144351313
External links
- Page about Uruguayan Portunhol (in Portuguese) at Unicamp - University of Campinas, São Paulo (in Portuguese)
- Adolfo Elizaincín website
- (in Interlingua, English, Portuguese, and Spanish) Portuñol, a new language that is gaining popularity among people who live close to the borders of Brazil and its neighboring Spanish-speaking countries