Solomon, HWV 67, is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel. The anonymous libretto – currently thought to have been penned by the English Jewish poet/playwright Moses Mendes (d.1758)[1] – is based on the biblical stories of the wise king Solomon from the First Book of Kings and the Second Book of Chronicles, with additional material from Antiquities of the Jews by ancient historian Flavius Josephus. The music was composed between 5 May and 13 June 1748, and the first performance took place on 17 March 1749, with Caterina Galli in the title role at the Covent Garden Theatre in London, where it had two further performances. Handel revived the work in 1759.[2]

The oratorio contains a short and lively instrumental passage for two oboes and strings in Act Three, known as "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba", which has become famous outside the context of the complete work, and was featured at the 2012 London Olympics opening ceremony as James Bond (Daniel Craig) goes to meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace.[3]

Background

Theatre at Covent Garden where Solomon was first performed

The German-born Handel had been resident in London since 1712 and had there enjoyed great success as a composer of Italian operas. His opportunities to set English texts to music had at first been more limited; he had spent the years 1717 to 1719 as composer in residence to the wealthy Duke of Chandos where he had written church anthems and two stage works, Acis and Galatea and Esther; and had composed vocal music to English words for various royal occasions, including a set of Coronation anthems for King George II in 1727, which had made a huge impact.[4] In 1731, a performance of the 1718 version of Esther, a work in English based on a Biblical drama by Jean Racine, was staged in London without Handel's participation and had proved popular, so Handel revised the work and planned to have it performed at the theatre where his Italian operas were being presented.

However the Bishop of London would not permit a drama based on a Biblical story to be acted out on the stage, and therefore Handel presented Esther in concert form, thus giving birth to the English oratorio.[5]:212 Such was the success of his oratorios in English that eventually Handel abandoned Italian opera, his last being Deidamia in 1741, and produced a string of masterpieces of oratorio in English.[6]

Opera seria, the form of Italian opera that Handel composed for London, focused overwhelmingly on solo arias and recitatives for the star singers and contained very little else; they did not feature separate choruses. With the English oratorios Handel had the opportunity to mix operatic arias in English for the soloists with large choruses of the type that he used in the Coronation anthems. The oratorios found a wider audience among more social classes than the aristocratic audience who had sponsored and enjoyed Handel's Italian operas.[7] Solomon was widely recognised by commentators of the day as a eulogy for Georgian England, with the just and wise King Solomon representing King George II, and the mighty, prosperous kingdom of Israel reflecting the similarly happy state of England at the time of the work's premiere, in the view of its creators.[8] However, a 21st-century commentator has noted that Solomon was not a great commercial success with London audiences of the time, possibly because of complexities and ambiguities in its portrayal of the central character King Solomon.[7]

Dramatis personae

Giulia Frasi, soprano, creator of several roles in Solomon
Roles, voice types, and premiere cast
RoleVoice typePremiere cast 17 March 1749
SolomonaltoCaterina Galli
Solomon's QueensopranoGiulia Frasi
Nicaule, Queen of ShebasopranoGiulia Frasi
First harlotsopranoGiulia Frasi
Second harlotmezzo-sopranoSibilla Gronamann (Mrs Pinto)
Zadok, the High Priest[9]tenorThomas Lowe
A LevitebassHenry Theodore Reinhold
Attendanttenor
Chorus of priests, chorus of Israelites[2]

Synopsis

The Judgement of Solomon after Peter Paul Rubens

Act 1

The work begins with Solomon and his people celebrating the consecration of the Temple he has built in Jerusalem. Solomon rejoices in his married happiness to his one wife (unlike the biblical Solomon, who is stated to have had hundreds of wives and concubines),[10] and promises to build his queen a palace for her.[5] They express their love for each other and retire for the night as flower-scented breezes and nightingales' songs lull them to rest.[11]

Act 2

The wisdom of Solomon is presented in the famous biblical story of two harlots who each claimed a single baby as her own. Solomon offers to solve the case by splitting the infant in half with his sword, but the real mother rejects this solution and offers to hand the child over to the other woman, as Solomon knew the true parent would do.[10] The First Harlot and the chorus praise Solomon's judgement.[11]

Act 3

In Act Three we see a state visit from the Queen of Sheba to Solomon's kingdom. The king and his people entertain her with a musical masque of magnificent choruses depicting in turn the "lulling" sound of gentle music, the desire for military glory, the despair of an unhappy lover, and a storm which turns to calm.[5][11] All celebrate the Israel of the wise ruler Solomon as a Golden Age of peace, happiness, and prosperity.[10]

List of musical numbers

Act Three begins with the very famous sinfonia known as "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba". (Note: "Sinfonia" in this context means a purely instrumental piece. "Accompagnato" is a recitative accompanied by the orchestra, rather than by continuo instruments only, as in the passages marked "recitative".)

Musical features

Solomon is richly orchestrated by the standards of its day, calling for an orchestra of flutes, oboes, bassoons, horns, trumpets, timpani, strings, and basso continuo instruments. Many of the grand and varied choruses are in eight parts ("a double chorus") instead of the more usual four parts.[8] The final number of Act I is the chorus “May no rash intruder”, usually called the Nightingale Chorus, with flutes imitating birdsong over a gentle rustling effect created by strings divided into numerous different parts.[8] Act 3 begins with the very famous sinfonia known as "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba", a bright and sprightly orchestral piece featuring oboes which has often been used outside the context of the oratorios as a processional piece.[3] Sir Thomas Beecham is believed to have given the name "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba" to this sinfonia, perhaps in 1933 when he made a recording of it, or perhaps in 1955 when he recorded the oratorio in an abridged and re-orchestrated form.

Recordings

Solomon discography
Year Cast Conductor, chorus and/or orchestra Label
1955
2005 digital remaster
John Cameron
Elsie Morison
Alexander Young
Lois Marshall
Sir Thomas Beecham
Beecham Choir Society
Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
EMI 2 CDs 5 86516 2
1967 Saramae Endich
Patricia Brooks
Alexander Young
John Shirley-Quirk
Stephen Simon
Vienna Youth Choir
Vienna Volksoper Orchestra
RCA Red Seal Records, 1968
3 LPs LP LSC 6187
June 1984,
St John's, Smith Square,
London, after performances
in Göttingen, Germany;
incomplete
Carolyn Watkinson
Nancy Argenta
Barbara Hendricks
Joan Rodgers
Della Jones
Anthony Rolfe Johnson
Stephen Varcoe
John Eliot Gardiner
Monteverdi Choir
English Baroque Soloists
Philips digital recording
3 LPs 289-412612-1
2 CDs 289-412612-2
3 MC 289-412612-4
July and Aug. 1998,
All Saints Church,
Tooting, London
Andreas Scholl
Inger Dam-Jensen
Susan Gritton
Paul Agnew
Paul McCreesh, conductor
Gabrieli Consort
CD:Archiv Produktion
Cat:4596882
2003 Michael Chance
Nancy Argenta
Laurie Reviol
Julian Podger
Steffen Balbach
Jürgen Budday
Maulbronn Chamber Choir
Hannoversche Hofkapelle
K&K Verlagsanstalt, 2004
2 CDs KuK 73 / ISBN 3-930643-73-1
2006 Mark Padmore
Sarah Connolly
Susan Gritton
Carolyn Sampson
Daniel Reuss
Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin
CD:Harmonia Mundi
Cat:HMC 901949.50
2006 Ewa Wolak
Elisabeth Scholl
Nicola Wemyss
Knut Schoch
Joachim Carlos Martini
Frankfurt Baroque Orchestra
Junge Kantorei
CD:Naxos
Cat:8.557574-75
2007 Tim Mead
Dominque Labelle
Claron McFadden
Roderick Williams
Nicholas McGegan
Winchester Cathedral Choir
Festspielorchester Göttingen
CD:Carus
Cat:CARUS83242
2022 Ana Maria Labin
Gwendoline Blondeel
Christopher Lowrey
Leonardo García Alarcón
Millenium Orchestra
Chœur de Chambre de Namur
CD:Ricercar
Cat:RIC449

Notes

  1. Andrew Pink. ‘Solomon, Susanna and Moses : locating Handel's anonymous librettist’. Eighteenth Century Music. Volume 12 / Issue 02 (September 2015) pp. 211-222.; accessed 6 April 2016
  2. 1 2 "G. F. Handel's Compositions". The Handel Institute. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  3. 1 2 Schwarm, Betsy. "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba". Britannica.com. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  4. Kemp, Lindsay. "Programme Notes for Saul" (PDF). BBC. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 Burrows, Donald (2012). Handel (Master Musicians Series). Oxford University Press, USA; 2 edition. ISBN 978-0-19-973736-9.
  6. Hicks, Anthony (2013), "Handel, George Frideric", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press (subscription required)
  7. 1 2 Martini, Joachim C. "Programme notes for "Solomon" HWV 67". www.naxos.com. Naxos Records. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 Lang, Paul Henry (2011). George Frideric Handel (reprint ed.). Dover Books on Music. ISBN 978-0-486-29227-4.
  9. Zadok the Priest, HWV 258, is also the title of one of four Coronation Anthems written by Handel for the coronation of George II of Great Britain but apart from its name, the work is unconnected with the Solomon oratorio.
  10. 1 2 3 Woodstra, Chris (1 September 2005). All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music (All Music Guides). Backbeat Books. ISBN 0879308656.
  11. 1 2 3 Knapp, J. Merrill. "Programme notes for "Solomon"". Opera Today. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
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