In mathematics, Stickelberger's theorem is a result of algebraic number theory, which gives some information about the Galois module structure of class groups of cyclotomic fields. A special case was first proven by Ernst Kummer (1847) while the general result is due to Ludwig Stickelberger (1890).[1]

The Stickelberger element and the Stickelberger ideal

Let Km denote the mth cyclotomic field, i.e. the extension of the rational numbers obtained by adjoining the mth roots of unity to (where m ≥ 2 is an integer). It is a Galois extension of with Galois group Gm isomorphic to the multiplicative group of integers modulo m (/m)×. The Stickelberger element (of level m or of Km) is an element in the group ring [Gm] and the Stickelberger ideal (of level m or of Km) is an ideal in the group ring [Gm]. They are defined as follows. Let ζm denote a primitive mth root of unity. The isomorphism from (/m)× to Gm is given by sending a to σa defined by the relation

.

The Stickelberger element of level m is defined as

The Stickelberger ideal of level m, denoted I(Km), is the set of integral multiples of θ(Km) which have integral coefficients, i.e.

More generally, if F be any Abelian number field whose Galois group over is denoted GF, then the Stickelberger element of F and the Stickelberger ideal of F can be defined. By the Kronecker–Weber theorem there is an integer m such that F is contained in Km. Fix the least such m (this is the (finite part of the) conductor of F over ). There is a natural group homomorphism GmGF given by restriction, i.e. if σGm, its image in GF is its restriction to F denoted resmσ. The Stickelberger element of F is then defined as

The Stickelberger ideal of F, denoted I(F), is defined as in the case of Km, i.e.

In the special case where F = Km, the Stickelberger ideal I(Km) is generated by (aσa)θ(Km) as a varies over /m. This not true for general F.[2]

Examples

If F is a totally real field of conductor m, then[3]

where φ is the Euler totient function and [F : ] is the degree of F over .

Statement of the theorem

Stickelberger's Theorem[4]
Let F be an abelian number field. Then, the Stickelberger ideal of F annihilates the class group of F.

Note that θ(F) itself need not be an annihilator, but any multiple of it in [GF] is.

Explicitly, the theorem is saying that if α ∈ [GF] is such that

and if J is any fractional ideal of F, then

is a principal ideal.

See also

Notes

  1. Washington 1997, Notes to chapter 6
  2. Washington 1997, Lemma 6.9 and the comments following it
  3. Washington 1997, §6.2
  4. Washington 1997, Theorem 6.10

References

  • Cohen, Henri (2007). Number Theory – Volume I: Tools and Diophantine Equations. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 239. Springer-Verlag. pp. 150–170. ISBN 978-0-387-49922-2. Zbl 1119.11001.
  • Boas Erez, Darstellungen von Gruppen in der Algebraischen Zahlentheorie: eine Einführung
  • Fröhlich, A. (1977). "Stickelberger without Gauss sums". In Fröhlich, A. (ed.). Algebraic Number Fields, Proc. Symp. London Math. Soc., Univ. Durham 1975. Academic Press. pp. 589–607. ISBN 0-12-268960-7. Zbl 0376.12002.
  • Ireland, Kenneth; Rosen, Michael (1990). A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 84 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2103-4. ISBN 978-1-4419-3094-1. MR 1070716.
  • Kummer, Ernst (1847), "Über die Zerlegung der aus Wurzeln der Einheit gebildeten complexen Zahlen in ihre Primfactoren", Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik, 1847 (35): 327–367, doi:10.1515/crll.1847.35.327, S2CID 123230326
  • Stickelberger, Ludwig (1890), "Ueber eine Verallgemeinerung der Kreistheilung", Mathematische Annalen, 37 (3): 321–367, doi:10.1007/bf01721360, JFM 22.0100.01, MR 1510649, S2CID 121239748
  • Washington, Lawrence (1997), Introduction to Cyclotomic Fields, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 83 (2 ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-94762-4, MR 1421575
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