The SASM/GNC/SRC romanization of Standard Tibetan, commonly known as Tibetan pinyin or ZWPY (Chinese: 藏文拼音; pinyin: Zàngwén Pīnyīn), is the official transcription system for the Tibetan language in China.[1] It is based on the pronunciation used by China National Radio's Tibetan Radio,[1] which is based on the Lhasa dialect. It has been used within China as an alternative to the Wylie transliteration for writing Tibetan in the Latin script since 1982.[2]

Tibetan pinyin is a phonetic transcription, and as such its spelling is tied to actual pronunciation (although tone is not marked).[3] Wylie on the other hand is a transliteration system, where mechanical conversion to and from Tibetan and Latin script is possible. Within academic circles, Wylie transliteration (with a v replacing the apostrophe) is more commonly used.

Overview

Onsets overview

Independent onsets in the initial syllable of a word are transcribed as follows:

ཀ་ཁ་
ག་		ང་ཅ་ཇ་
ཆ་		ཉ་ཏ་ད་
ཐ་		ན་པ་ཕ་
བ་		མ་ཙ་ཛ་
ཚ་		ཝ་ཞ་
ཤ་		ཟ་
ས་		ཡ་ར་ལ་ཧ་ཀྱ་ཁྱ་
གྱ་		ཧྱ་ཀྲ་ཁྲ་
གྲ་		ཧྲ་ལྷ་རྷ་
gkngjqnydtnbpmzcwxsyrlhgykyhyzhchshlhrh

For more general case, see #Onsets.

Vowels and final consonant

The 17 vowels of the Lhasa dialect are represented in as follows:

IPATibetan
pinyin		IPATibetan
pinyin
iiĩin
eêẽen
ɛai/äɛ̃ain/än
aaãan
uuũun
oôõon
ɔoɔ̃ǒn
yüỹün
øoi/öø̃oin/ön

Ending a syllable, -r is usually not pronounced, but it lengthens the preceding vowel. In the same place, -n usually nasalises the preceding vowel. Consonants at the end of a syllable are transcribed as follows:

IPATibetan
pinyin
ʔ̞b/•
ʔg/—
rr
mm
ŋng

Single syllable orthography

The tone of a syllable depends mostly on its initial consonant. In this table, each initial is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) with the vowel a and a tone mark to present tone register (high/low).

Onsets

Below is a comprehensive transcription table of onsets of an initial syllable of a word. If the syllable to transcribe is not the first syllable of a word, see #Onset variation.

IPAWylie transliterationTibetan pinyinTHL
páp, sp, dp, lpbp
pàrb, sb, sbrbb
mpàlb, ’bbb
pʰáph, ’phpp
pʰàbpb
bàbhbhbh
márm, sm, dm, smrmm
màm, mrmm
wàw[note 1], db, bww
tát, rt, lt, st, tw, gt, bt, brt, blt, bst, blddt
tàrd, sd, gd, bd, brd, bsddd
ntálthd
ntàzl, bzl, ld, md, ’ddd
tʰáth, mth, ’thtt
tʰàd, dwtd
nárn, sn, gn, brn, bsn, mnnn
nànnn
lákl, gl, bl, rl, sl, brl, bslll
làl, lwll
l̥álhlhlh
tsáts, rts, sts, rtsw, stsw, gts, bts, brts, bstszts
tsàrdz, gdz, brdzzdz
ntsàmdz, ’dzzdz
tsʰátsh, tshw, mtsh, ’tshcts
tsʰàdzcdz
sás, sr, sw, gs, bs, bsrss
sàz, zw, gz, bzsz
ʈʂákr, rkr, lkr, skr, tr, pr, lpr, spr, dkr, dpr, bkr, bskr, bsrzhtr
ʈʂàrgr, lgr, sgr, dgr, dbr, bsgr, rbr, lbr, sbrzhdr
ɳʈʂàmgr, ’gr, ’dr, ’brzhdr
ʈʂʰákhr, thr, phr, mkhr, ’khr, ’phrchtr
ʈʂʰàgr, dr, br, grwchdr
ʂáhrshhr
ràr, rwrr
r̥árhrh
cáky, rky, lky, sky, dky, bky, brky, bskygyky
càrgy, lgy, sgy, dgy, bgy, brgy, bsgygygy
ɲcàmgy, ’gygygy
cʰákhy, mkhy, ’khykykhy
cʰàgykygy
çáhyhyhy
tɕác, cw, gc, bc, lc, py, lpy, spy, dpyjch
tɕàrby, lby, sby, rj, gj, brjjj
ɲtɕàlj, mj, ’j, ’byjj
tɕʰách, mch, ’ch, phy, ’phyqch
tɕʰàj, byqj
ɕásh, shw, gsh, bshxsh
ɕàzh, zhw, gzh, bzhxzh
ɲárny, sny, gny, brny, bsny, mny, nyw, rmy, smynyny
ɲàny, mynyny
jág.yyy
jày, dbyyy
kák, rk, lk, sk, kw, dk, bk, brk, bskgk
kàrg, lg, sg, dg, bg, brg, bsggg
ŋkàlg, mg, ’ggg
kʰákh, khw, mkh, ’khkkh
kʰàg, gwkg
ŋárng, lng, sng, dng, brng, bsng, mngngng
ŋàngngng
ʔá—, db——
ʔ̞à’——
háh, hwhh

Rimes

Below is a comprehensive transcription table of rimes of a final syllable of a word, with IPA transcription for the Lhasa dialect.[4] If the syllable to transcribe is not the final syllable of a word, see Coda variation.

Take "ཨ" to be the consonant (not "◌").

Tibetan ཨ།ཨའུ།ཨར།ཨལ།
ཨའི།		ཨད།
ཨས།		ཨག།
ཨགས།		ཨབ།
ཨབས།		ཨང༌།
ཨངས།		ཨམ།
ཨམས།		ཨན།
Wylie a a'u ar al a'i ad as ag ags ab abs ang angs am ams an
Pinyin aauarai/äagabangamain/än
IPA [a][au̯][aː][ɛː][ɛ][ʌʡ] ~ [ɤʡ][ʌʡ̆] ~ [ɤʡ̆][aŋ][am][ɛ̃ː]
Tibetan ཨི།ཨིའུ།
ཨེའུ།		ཨིར།ཨིལ།
ཨའི།		ཨིད།
ཨིས།		ཨིག།
ཨིགས།		ཨིབ།
ཨིབས།		ཨིང༌།
ཨིངས།		ཨིམ།
ཨིམས།		ཨིན།
Wylie i i'u ir il a'i id is ig igs ib ibs ing ings im ims in
Pinyin iiuiriigibingimin
IPA [i][iu̯][iː][iː][i][iʡ][iʡ̆][ɪŋ][ɪm][ĩː]
Tibetan ཨུ།ཨུར།ཨུལ།
ཨུའི།		ཨུད།
ཨུས།		ཨུག།
ཨུགས།		ཨུབ།
ཨུབས།		ཨུང༌།
ཨུངས།		ཨུམ།
ཨུམས།		ཨུན།
Wylie u ur ul u'i ud us ug ugs ub ubs ung ungs um ums un
Pinyin uurüugubungumün
IPA [u][uː][yː][y][uʡ][uʡ̆][ʊŋ][ʊm][ỹː]
Tibetan ཨེ།ཨེར།ཨེལ།
ཨེའི།		ཨེད།
ཨེས།		ཨེག།
ཨེགས།		ཨེབ།
ཨེབས།		ཨེང༌།
ཨེངས།		ཨེམ།
ཨེམས།		ཨེན།
Wylie e er el e'i ed es eg egs eb ebs eng engs em ems en
Pinyin êêrêêgêbêngêmên
IPA [e][eː][eː][e][ɛ̈ʡ][ɛ̈ʡ̆][ɛŋ][ɛm][ẽː]
Tibetan ཨོ།ཨོའུ།ཨོར།ཨོལ།
ཨོའི།		ཨོད།
ཨོས།		ཨོག།
ཨོགས།		ཨོབ།
ཨོབས།		ཨོང༌།
ཨོངས།		ཨོམ།
ཨོམས།		ཨོན།
Wylie o o'u or ol o'i od os og ogs ob obs ong ongs om oms on
Pinyin ôouôroi/öôgôbôngômoin/ön
IPA [o][ou̯][oː][øː][ø][ɔʡ][ɔʡ̆][ɔŋ][ɔm][ø̃ː]

Intersyllable influence

Onset variation

Bare low aspirated variation
  • k*, q*, t*, p*, x*, s*, ky*, ch* become g*, j*, d*, b*, ?*, ?*, gy*, zh* respectively
  • pa* (་བ) and po* (་བོ) become wa and wo respectively

Coda variation

Sometimes there is intersyllabic influence:

Tibetan scriptTibetan pinyinWylie (EWTS)Lhasa IPAExplanation
མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ།Mapam Yumcoma-pham g.yu-mtsho[mapʰam jumtsʰo]forward shift of prefix མ
ཁྲ་འབྲུག་དགོན་པ།Changzhug Gönbakhra-’brug dgon-pa[ʈ͡ʂʰaŋʈ͡ʂ˭uk k˭ø̃p˭a]shift of the prefix འ (ཨ་ཆུང a chung),
creating a final nasal consonant

Encoding

The IETF language tag for Tibetan pinyin is bo-Latn-pinyin.[5]

Examples

Tibetan ScriptWylieTibetan pinyinTHLother transcriptions
གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེGzhis-ka-rtseXigazêZhikatseShigatse, Shikatse
བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྷུན་པོ་Bkra-shis-lhun-poZhaxilhünboTrashilhünpoTashilhunpo, Tashilhümpo, etc.
འབྲས་སྤུང་’Bras-spungZhaibungDräpungDrebung
ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshanQoigyi GyaicainChökyi GyältshänChoekyi Gyaltsen
ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་Thub-bstan Rgya-mtshoTubdain GyacoThuptän GyatshoThubten Gyatso, Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ as in Namjagbarwa

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Shǎoshù mínzúyǔ dìmíng Hànyǔ pīnyīn zìmǔ yīnyì zhuǎnxiěfǎ, "少数民族语地名汉语拼音字母音译转写法...（三）藏语...说明：（1）藏语地名的音译转写，以中央人民广播电台藏语广播的语音为依靠。"
  2. ↑ Romanization of Tibetan Geographical Names – UNGEGN
  3. ↑ "Geographical names of Tibet AR (China)". Institute of the Estonian Language. 2018-06-03. Retrieved 7 July 2020. Tibetan names have been romanized according to the official scheme, the so-called Tibetan pinyin. The romanization is based on actual pronunciation and is not always predictable if only written form is known.
  4. ↑ Brush, Beaumont. "The Status of Coronal in the Historical Development of Lhasa Tibetan Rhymes" (PDF). SIL. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  5. ↑ "Language subtag registry". IANA. Retrieved 15 April 2021.

Sources

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