The type of GET or POST is from how request in hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) works. So you should really google http POST or http GET to learn what are their differences. Note, check out also other request methods in HTTP.
But in the context of jquery, here is the snippet of the entire documentation. Note, check out also what is the currently HTTP request methods supported by jquery ajax().
Sending Data to the Server
By default, Ajax requests are sent using the GET HTTP method. If the
POST method is required, the method can be specified by setting a
value for the type option. This option affects how the contents of the
data option are sent to the server. POST data will always be
transmitted to the server using UTF-8 charset, per the W3C
XMLHTTPRequest standard.
The data option can contain either a query string of the form
key1=value1&key2=value2, or a map of the form {key1: 'value1', key2:
'value2'}. If the latter form is used, the data is converted into a
query string using jQuery.param() before it is sent. This processing
can be circumvented by setting processData to false. The processing
might be undesirable if you wish to send an XML object to the server;
in this case, change the contentType option from
application/x-www-form-urlencoded to a more appropriate MIME type.