Is it possible to use ls in Unix to list the total size of a sub-directory and all its contents as opposed to the usual 4K that (I assume) is just the directory file itself?
total 12K
drwxrwxr-x 6 *** *** 4.0K 2009-06-19 10:10 branches
drwxrwxr-x 13 *** *** 4.0K 2009-06-19 10:52 tags
drwxrwxr-x 16 *** *** 4.0K 2009-06-19 10:02 trunk
After scouring the man pages I'm coming up empty.
Try something like:
du -sh *
short version of:
du --summarize --human-readable *
du: Disk Usage
-s: Display a summary for each specified file. (Equivalent to -d 0)
-h: "Human-readable" output. Use unit suffixes: Byte, Kibibyte (KiB), Mebibyte (MiB), Gibibyte (GiB), Tebibyte (TiB) and Pebibyte (PiB). (BASE2)
du -sk * | sort -n will sort the folders by size. Helpful when looking to clear space..
or du -sh * | sort -h used when human-readable mode
du -sh * | sort -h
This will be displayed in human readable format.
To list the largest directories from the current directory in human readable format:
du -sh * | sort -hr
A better way to restrict number of rows can be
du -sh * | sort -hr | head -n10
Where you can increase the suffix of -n flag to restrict the number of rows listed
Sample:
[~]$ du -sh * | sort -hr
48M app
11M lib
6.7M Vendor
1.1M composer.phar
488K phpcs.phar
488K phpcbf.phar
72K doc
16K nbproject
8.0K composer.lock
4.0K README.md
It makes it more convenient to read :)
To display it in ls -lh format, use:
(du -sh ./*; ls -lh --color=no) | awk '{ if($1 == "total") {X = 1} else if (!X) {SIZES[$2] = $1} else { sub($5 "[ ]*", sprintf("%-7s ", SIZES["./" $9]), $0); print $0} }'
Awk code explained:
if($1 == "total") { // Set X when start of ls is detected
X = 1
} else if (!X) { // Until X is set, collect the sizes from `du`
SIZES[$2] = $1
} else {
// Replace the size on current current line (with alignment)
sub($5 "[ ]*", sprintf("%-7s ", SIZES["./" $9]), $0);
print $0
}
Sample output:
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Feb 12 16:43 cgi-bin
drwxrws--- 6 root www 20M Feb 18 11:07 document_root
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 1.3M Feb 18 00:18 icons
drwxrwsr-x 2 localusr www 8.0K Dec 27 01:23 passwd
ncdu (ncurses du)
This awesome CLI utility allows you to easily find the large files and directories (recursive total size) interactively.
For example, from inside the root of a well known open source project we do:
sudo apt install ncdu
ncdu
The outcome its:
Then, I enter down and right on my keyboard to go into the /drivers folder, and I see:
ncdu only calculates file sizes recursively once at startup for the entire tree, so it is efficient. This way don't have to recalculate sizes as you move inside subdirectories as you try to determine what the disk hog is.
"Total disk usage" vs "Apparent size" is analogous to du, and I have explained it at: why is the output of `du` often so different from `du -b`
Project homepage: https://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu
Related questions:
Tested in Ubuntu 16.04.
Ubuntu list root
You likely want:
ncdu --exclude-kernfs -x /
where:
-x stops crossing of filesystem barriers--exclude-kernfs skips special filesystems like /sysMacOS 10.15.5 list root
To properly list root / on that system, I also needed --exclude-firmlinks, e.g.:
brew install ncdu
cd /
ncdu --exclude-firmlinks
otherwise it seemed to go into some link infinite loop, likely due to: https://www.swiftforensics.com/2019/10/macos-1015-volumes-firmlink-magic.html
The things we learn for love.
ncdu non-interactive usage
Another cool feature of ncdu is that you can first dump the sizes in a JSON format, and later reuse them.
For example, to generate the file run:
ncdu -o ncdu.json
and then examine it interactively with:
ncdu -f ncdu.json
This is very useful if you are dealing with a very large and slow filesystem like NFS.
This way, you can first export only once, which can take hours, and then explore the files, quit, explore again, etc.
The output format is just JSON, so it is easy to reuse it with other programs as well, e.g.:
ncdu -o - | python -m json.tool | less
reveals a simple directory tree data structure:
[
1,
0,
{
"progname": "ncdu",
"progver": "1.12",
"timestamp": 1562151680
},
[
{
"asize": 4096,
"dev": 2065,
"dsize": 4096,
"ino": 9838037,
"name": "/work/linux-kernel-module-cheat/submodules/linux"
},
{
"asize": 1513,
"dsize": 4096,
"ino": 9856660,
"name": "Kbuild"
},
[
{
"asize": 4096,
"dsize": 4096,
"ino": 10101519,
"name": "net"
},
[
{
"asize": 4096,
"dsize": 4096,
"ino": 11417591,
"name": "l2tp"
},
{
"asize": 48173,
"dsize": 49152,
"ino": 11418744,
"name": "l2tp_core.c"
},
Tested in Ubuntu 18.04.
The command you want is 'du -sk' du = "disk usage"
The -k flag gives you output in kilobytes, rather than the du default of disk sectors (512-byte blocks).
The -s flag will only list things in the top level directory (i.e., the current directory, by default, or the directory specified on the command line). It's odd that du has the opposite behavior of ls in this regard. By default du will recursively give you the disk usage of each sub-directory. In contrast, ls will only give list files in the specified directory. (ls -R gives you recursive behavior.)
Put this shell function declaration in your shell initialization scripts:
function duls {
paste <( du -hs -- "$@" | cut -f1 ) <( ls -ldf -- "$@" )
}
I called it duls because it shows the output from both du and ls (in that order):
$ duls
210M drwxr-xr-x 21 kk staff 714 Jun 15 09:32 .
$ duls *
36K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 35147 Jun 9 16:03 COPYING
8.0K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 6962 Jun 9 16:03 INSTALL
28K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 24816 Jun 10 13:26 Makefile
4.0K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 75 Jun 9 16:03 Makefile.am
24K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 24473 Jun 10 13:26 Makefile.in
4.0K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 1689 Jun 9 16:03 README
120K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 121585 Jun 10 13:26 aclocal.m4
684K drwxr-xr-x 7 kk staff 238 Jun 10 13:26 autom4te.cache
128K drwxr-xr-x 8 kk staff 272 Jun 9 16:03 build
60K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 60083 Jun 10 13:26 config.log
36K -rwxr-xr-x 1 kk staff 34716 Jun 10 13:26 config.status
264K -rwxr-xr-x 1 kk staff 266637 Jun 10 13:26 configure
8.0K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 4280 Jun 10 13:25 configure.ac
7.0M drwxr-xr-x 8 kk staff 272 Jun 10 13:26 doc
2.3M drwxr-xr-x 28 kk staff 952 Jun 10 13:26 examples
6.2M -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 6505797 Jun 15 09:32 mrbayes-3.2.7-dev.tar.gz
11M drwxr-xr-x 42 kk staff 1428 Jun 10 13:26 src
$ duls doc
7.0M drwxr-xr-x 8 kk staff 272 Jun 10 13:26 doc
$ duls [bM]*
28K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 24816 Jun 10 13:26 Makefile
4.0K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 75 Jun 9 16:03 Makefile.am
24K -rw-r--r-- 1 kk staff 24473 Jun 10 13:26 Makefile.in
128K drwxr-xr-x 8 kk staff 272 Jun 9 16:03 build
Explanation:
The paste utility creates columns from its input according to the specification that you give it. Given two input files, it puts them side by side, with a tab as separator.
We give it the output of du -hs -- "$@" | cut -f1 as the first file (input stream really) and the output of ls -ldf -- "$@" as the second file.
In the function, "$@" will evaluate to the list of all command line arguments, each in double quotes. It will therefore understand globbing characters and path names with spaces etc.
The double minuses (--) signals the end of command line options to du and ls. Without these, saying duls -l would confuse du and any option for du that ls doesn't have would confuse ls (and the options that exist in both utilities might not mean the same thing, and it would be a pretty mess).
The cut after du simply cuts out the first column of the du -hs output (the sizes).
I decided to put the du output on the left, otherwise I would have had to manage a wobbly right column (due to varying lengths of file names).
The command will not accept command line flags.
This has been tested in both bash and in ksh93. It will not work with /bin/sh.
Ordered list of folders and files (descendant order, according to size) in a directory:
du -skh * | sort -hr
Including hidden files:
du -skh .??* * | sort -hr
Explanation:
The command du estimates disk usage.
-s summary, as in, not recursive, only files/folders at this level.-kh human readable, as in GB, MB, KB, etc....??* names staring with dot . that are 3 or more characters long (excluding . and .. links).* all files/folders not starting with ..du shows smaller sizes first by default. And we call it for two sets of files (hidden and normal), so we need to sort the result again combining results.
-h reorders considering human readable characters (human-numeric, like GB, MB, etc..).-r reverse the order.Note. Other answers contain most of these options but scattered along different ones and none here explore how to easily include hidden files/folders.
I always use du -sk (-k flag showing file size in kilobytes) instead.
This is one I like
update: I didnt like the previous one because it didn't show files in the current directory, it only listed directories.
Example output for /var on ubuntu:
sudo du -hDaxd1 /var | sort -h | tail -n10
4.0K /var/lock
4.0K /var/run
4.0K /var/www
12K /var/spool
3.7M /var/backups
33M /var/log
45M /var/webmin
231M /var/cache
1.4G /var/lib
1.7G /var
To display current directory's files and subdirectories sizes recursively:
du -h .
To display the same size information but without printing their sub directories recursively (which can be a huge list), just use the --max-depth option:
du -h --max-depth=1 .
These are all great suggestions, but the one I use is:
du -ksh * | sort -n -r
-ksh makes sure the files and folders are listed in a human-readable format and in megabytes, kilobytes, etc. Then you sort them numerically and reverse the sort so it puts the bigger ones first.
The only downside to this command is that the computer does not know that Gigabyte is bigger than Megabyte so it will only sort by numbers and you will often find listings like this:
120K
12M
4G
Just be careful to look at the unit.
This command also works on the Mac (whereas sort -h does not for example).
du -S
du have another useful option: -S, --separate-dirs telling du not include size of subdirectories - handy on some occasions.
Example 1 - shows only the file sizes in a directory:
du -Sh *
3,1G 10/CR2
280M 10
Example 2 - shows the file sizes and subdirectories in directory:
du -h *
3,1G 10/CR2
3,4G 10
If you want more control over the size that you want to list the directories over, you can use the threshold (-t) switch as in:
$ du -ht 1000000000 | sort --reverse
du - disk usage
h - human readable format
t - threshold size
Here, we want to list all directories which are greater than 1GB in size.
$ du -ht 1G | sort --reverse
Explanation:
Units that are described in wiki follows:
K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or
KB, MB, GB, TB, PB, EB, ZB, YB (powers of 1000).
just a warning, if you want to compare sizes of files. du produces different results depending on file system, block size, ... .
It may happen that the size of the files is different, e.g. comparing the same directory on your local hard-disk and a USB mass storage device. I use the following script, including ls to sum up the directory size. The result in in bytes taking all sub directories into account.
echo "[GetFileSize.sh] target directory: \"$1\""
iRetValue=0
uiLength=$(expr length "$1")
if [ $uiLength -lt 2 ]; then
echo "[GetFileSize.sh] invalid target directory: \"$1\" - exiting!"
iRetValue=-1
else
echo "[GetFileSize.sh] computing size of files..."
# use ls to compute total size of all files - skip directories as they may
# show different sizes, depending on block size of target disk / file system
uiTotalSize=$(ls -l -R $1 | grep -v ^d | awk '{total+=$5;} END {print total;}')
uiLength=$(expr length "$uiTotalSize")
if [ $uiLength -lt 1 ]; then
uiTotalSize=0
fi
echo -e "[GetFileSize.sh] total target file size: \"$uiTotalSize\""
fi
exit "$iRetValue"
For a while, I used Nautilus (on Gnome desktop on RHEL 6.0) to delete files on my home folder instead of using the rm command in bash. As a result, the total size shown by
du -sh
did not match the sum of disk usage of each sub-directory, when I used
du -sh *
It took me a while to realise Nautilus sends the deleted files to its Trash folder, and that folder is not listed in du -sh * command. So, just wanted to share this, in case somebody faced the same problem.
Hmm, best way is to use this command:
du -h -x / | sort -hr >> /home/log_size.txt
Then you will be able to get all sizes folders over all your server. Easy to help to you to find the biggest sizes.
sudo du -hsx 2>/dev/null *
0 bin
4.0K boot
0 dev
9.0M etc
6.5M home
824K init
0 lib
0 lib32
0 lib64
0 libx32
16K lost+found
4.0K media
4.0K mnt
4.0K opt
0 proc
61M root
36K run
0 sbin
4.0K srv
0 sys
4.0K tmp
2.2G usr
4.9G var
I ran into an issue similar to what Martin Wilde described, in my case comparing the same directory on two different servers after mirroring with rsync.
Instead of using a script I added the -b flag to the du which counts the size in bytes and as far as I can determine eliminated the differences on the two servers. You still can use -s -h to get a comprehensible output.
place in init script like .bashrc ... adjust def as needed.
duh() {
# shows disk utilization for a path and depth level
path="${1:-$PWD}"
level="${2:-0}"
du "$path" -h --max-depth="$level"
}
It is important to note here that du gives you disk usage. Different machines can use different block sizes, so on one machine a block could be 4096 bytes and another machine could contain block sizes of 2048. If I put 10 1 byte files in a machine using 4096 bytes blocks and 10 1 byte file in a machine using 2048 bytes blocks, du -h would report ~40k and ~20k respectively.
If you want to know the size of all the files in a directory, for each directory you can do something like:
for x in ./*;
do
if [[ -f "$x" ]]; then
ls -al "$x"
fi
done | awk '{print $6}' | awk '{s+=$1}END{print s}'
This would give you the total size of all the files in a directory.
find . -maxdepth 1 -exec du --apparent-size --max-depth=0 --null '{}' ';' |\
sort -k1 -nr --zero-terminated |\
cut -f2 --zero-terminated |\
xargs --null -n 1 du -h --apparent-size --max-depth=0
Features:
--apparent-size with du to get a behavior similar to ls.
Retrieve only the size in bytes, from ls.
ls -ltr | head -n1 | cut -d' ' -f2
type "ls -ltrh /path_to_directory"
