I am not sure if this is relevant but I need to store these values with a . not a , to
separate the fractional portion of the values. Is there a setting in
SQL Server that I should be aware of to ensure this happens?
No, it is totally enough to learn programming to the point you realize that this is not a question at all - decimals are stored as decimals. "." or "," are part of the visual conversion (the "ToString" call, so to say) to print the value and have nothing to do with the value.
If you want to store a double, you want to store a double. Point. If you want to make sure your program presents it with a ".", then PROGRAM THE UI PROPERLY, but do not bother SQL Server internal storage with it. Normally they are shown in the locale - which is smarter than hardcoding in most cases. SO, maybvbe you force-change the UI locale? Or hardcode the conversion to apply every time you print out a value.
What SQL Server datatype should I use to store values of this type. Perhaps decimal or
float?
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187752.aspx
explains the data types of sql server.
Choose one that fits your requiremnents. Likely a float version with a given precision. Now, if you ar afraid because those are named as "approximate numeric" note that a double IS an approximate numeric, also in C# (or any other front end language you use - you do not tell us).
Default recommended mappings are at http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms131092.aspx and would point towards a "float".