It appears that if an activity is in the foreground while the phone's screen is locked, broadcast events and/or wakelocks will cause that activity's onResume to be called, whether they were intended for your app or not. This happens even if you don't interact with the phone in any way. Don't unlock it, don't touch it, don't do anything, and your onResume will be called over and over without a corresponding onPause.
We noticed this because we log a tracking event onResume, and we noticed that some devices were getting a TON of these onResume events. We were able to repro and noticed that it happened every time any app seemed to receive an intent (such as SugarSync, Google Voice, or the passive location listener in our own app).
We noticed this on the Galaxy Nexus and Galaxy S3 running ICS. Interesting to note, we couldn't reproduce the issue on Jelly Bean.
Anyone have any pointers to what might be happening here?