Consider using AJAX. Here is a link to some tutorials although if you are using JQuery, it can handle most of the coding for you.
http://www.w3schools.com/ajax/default.asp
From JavaScript, you can call the PHP script after the page has loaded asynchronously (meaning that it will open a connection in the background rather than changing the page). Once the PHP script has finished executing, it will return a status code that you can check for through the JavaScript. You can access the data resulting from the PHP scripts execution in the JavaScript.
If you are coding a mobile website, be aware that not all mobile phones support AJAX.
EDIT: If you would rather use JQuery, then here is a link to a good tutorial http://www.sitepoint.com/ajax-jquery/