I finally found a "solution":
Add a new .natstepfilter to C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 11.0\Common7\Packages\Debugger\Visualizers
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<StepFilter xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/vstudio/debugger/natstepfilter/2010">
<Function><Name>boost::.*</Name><Action>NoStepInto</Action></Function>
<Function><Name>std::.*</Name><Action>NoStepInto</Action></Function>
</StepFilter>
I'm not positive the "boost::.*" format is right in this specific example, but it should be this or something similar. You can look at the other .natstepfilter files in the folder for some more clues.
Unfortunately, according to a post I found, doing this does not work when debugging mixed-mode (e.g., C++/C#) applications, which is what I'm doing. I'll leave up this question for other persons trying to figure out how to implement this functionality and for anyone that might know a way to do this in mixed mode.