You should look into the regular expressions module of python. Simply "import re" in your script to provide regex capabilities.
By the way if you only want the numbers following the string "vg" then the following script should do the trick.
import re
urString = "/dev/vg10/lv10:cp:99"
Matches = re.findall("vg[0-9]*", mv)
print Matches
Now matches will have a list containing all vg'number'. That [0-9]* means any digit any number of times. Parse it again to get the numbers from it. You should read more about regular expressions. It's fun.
Extending the answer to match OP's requirement:
In [445]: Matches
Out[445]: ['vg10']
In [446]: int(*re.findall(r'[0-9]+', Matches[0]))
Out[446]: 10