There's basically infinite options. The first few that come to mind:
Pass around an ostream reference
You could pass around an std::ostream reference:
void someFunc(std::ostream& out) {
//someFunc doesn't need to know whether out is a file, cout, or whatever
out << "hello world" << std::endl;
}
Replace cout
underlying buffer with a file
Example from cplusplus.com:
streambuf *psbuf, *backup;
ofstream filestr;
filestr.open ("test.txt");
backup = cout.rdbuf(); // back up cout's streambuf
psbuf = filestr.rdbuf(); // get file's streambuf
cout.rdbuf(psbuf); // assign streambuf to cout
cout << "This is written to the file";
There's a 1-liner with freopen, but I have a creeping feeling (and this seems to reenforce it in the comments) that it's undefined behavior since stdin and cout can be un-synchronized.
freopen("/path/to/file", "r", stdout);
//cout is now writing to path/to/file
A logging library
Not sure of a good one of the top of my head, but you could go full out and use some type of logging library. (There's also Windows events, though depending on what you're outputting, that might not make sense.)
Piping
I doubt this is possible with a Windows service, but if it is, there's always the classic redirection:
blah.exe > C:\path\file