Unless you want to understand programming in an OO language, I'd say you don't need to understand "OO concepts". To someone who runs a program, provides inputs and looks at outputs, etc., it is not at all necessary to understand them. Some years back, US automobiles changed from being mostly carburetors to fuel-injection; in general, drivers of the cars didn't need to understand either one, nor that their new car had one and not the other. This is similar. Now, if you want to understand how to program in such a language, that's different, but in that case you should ask us a more specific question.
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Based on your comment that you do want to understand the programming, I'll expand on this.
The difference as I see it is that OO languages such as Java facilitate the organization of a program by having programming constructs to represent things (or "items" or "objects") in your problem. Although you can represent things in older languages, you have to create the constructs for doing it yourself (which is how C++ got started).
So, if I'm creating a traffic control system, I can create a class for "vehicle" and subclasses for different kinds of vehicles, with different characteristics and/or behavior. Class definition and inheritance to make this easy are built-in.
I can define a Vehicle class and extend it for PassengerCar, PanelTruck, SemiRig, and other things that make sense in my problem domain. Characteristics and code for all vehicles fit logically with the superclass; characteristics and code specific to each specific type go with its subclass.
I CAN do a similar thing in in C, or FORTRAN, or assembler, by creating data structures and associating code with them, organizing them into groups to represent vehicles of different types, but the languages don't have built-in constructs to make it easy to do.
An additional and related fundamental difference is the language's definition of data and code in one unit. Again, I can do it in other languages, but OO languages have the association as part of the langauge and save me having to create naming conventions or whatever to do it myself.