I've done a bit of testing to see if this was possible. Primefaces translates the simple fileUpload as :
<input type="file" id="fileUploadForm:j_idt90" name="fileUploadForm:j_idt90" style="">
This is basicly the standard browser input field of the type file, meaning on chrome, firefox, ie... ect it will all look differently. Now in my locale the standard size of this box is 238px, and by increasing the width of the input type, I do see the box surrounding the upload to grow larger, but sadly the textbox and button don't follow.
If you want the fileupload to be different i would suggest looking at the advanced mode for the fileupload. You can see it at work on the primefaces showcase : http://www.primefaces.org/showcase/ui/fileUploadSingle.jsf
Edit: I forgot to test it in IE8 (Only have ie8 on this computer). In chrome the text is an output text, in firefox it is in an inputtext field that can't grow larger, but on IE8 if i add the width:
<p:fileUpload value="#{fileUploadBean.file}" mode="simple" style="width:500px;"/>
The inputbox does grow larger.