How much data is copied, when returning a std::vector in a function and how big an optimization will it be to place the std::vector in free-store (on the heap) and return a pointer instead i.e. is:
std::vector *f()
{
std::vector *result = new std::vector();
/*
Insert elements into result
*/
return result;
}
more efficient than:
std::vector f()
{
std::vector result;
/*
Insert elements into result
*/
return result;
}
?
In C++11, this is the preferred way:
std::vector<X> f();
That is, return by value.
With C++11, std::vector has move-semantics, which means the local vector declared in your function will be moved on return and in some cases even the move can be elided by the compiler.
You should return by value.
The standard has a specific feature to improve the efficiency of returning by value. It's called "copy elision", and more specifically in this case the "named return value optimization (NRVO)".
Compilers don't have to implement it, but then again compilers don't have to implement function inlining (or perform any optimization at all). But the performance of the standard libraries can be pretty poor if compilers don't optimize, and all serious compilers implement inlining and NRVO (and other optimizations).
When NRVO is applied, there will be no copying in the following code:
std::vector<int> f() {
std::vector<int> result;
... populate the vector ...
return result;
}
std::vector<int> myvec = f();
But the user might want to do this:
std::vector<int> myvec;
... some time later ...
myvec = f();
Copy elision does not prevent a copy here because it's an assignment rather than an initialization. However, you should still return by value. In C++11, the assignment is optimized by something different, called "move semantics". In C++03, the above code does cause a copy, and although in theory an optimizer might be able to avoid it, in practice its too difficult. So instead of myvec = f(), in C++03 you should write this:
std::vector<int> myvec;
... some time later ...
f().swap(myvec);
There is another option, which is to offer a more flexible interface to the user:
template <typename OutputIterator> void f(OutputIterator it) {
... write elements to the iterator like this ...
*it++ = 0;
*it++ = 1;
}
You can then also support the existing vector-based interface on top of that:
std::vector<int> f() {
std::vector<int> result;
f(std::back_inserter(result));
return result;
}
This might be less efficient than your existing code, if your existing code uses reserve() in a way more complex than just a fixed amount up front. But if your existing code basically calls push_back on the vector repeatedly, then this template-based code ought to be as good.
A common pre-C++11 idiom is to pass a reference to the object being filled.
Then there is no copying of the vector.
void f( std::vector & result )
{
/*
Insert elements into result
*/
}
It's time I post an answer about RVO, me too...
If you return an object by value, the compiler often optimizes this so it doesn't get constructed twice, since it's superfluous to construct it in the function as a temporary and then copy it. This is called return value optimization: the created object will be moved instead of being copied.
If the compiler supports Named Return Value Optimization (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms364057(v=vs.80).aspx), you can directly return the vector provide that there is no:
NRVO optimizes out the redundant copy constructor and destructor calls and thus improves overall performance.
There should be no real diff in your example.
vector<string> getseq(char * db_file)
And if you want to print it on main() you should do it in a loop.
int main() {
vector<string> str_vec = getseq(argv[1]);
for(vector<string>::iterator it = str_vec.begin(); it != str_vec.end(); it++) {
cout << *it << endl;
}
}
follow code will works without copy constructors:
your routine:
std::vector<unsigned char> foo()
{
std::vector<unsigned char> v;
v.resize(16, 0);
return std::move(v); // move the vector
}
After, You can use foo routine for get the vector without copy itself:
std::vector<unsigned char>&& moved_v(foo()); // use move constructor
Result: moved_v size is 16 and it filled by [0]
As nice as "return by value" might be, it's the kind of code that can lead one into error. Consider the following program:
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
static std::vector<std::string> strings;
std::vector<std::string> vecFunc(void) { return strings; };
int main(int argc, char * argv[]){
// set up the vector of strings to hold however
// many strings the user provides on the command line
for(int idx=1; (idx<argc); ++idx){
strings.push_back(argv[idx]);
}
// now, iterate the strings and print them using the vector function
// as accessor
for(std::vector<std::string>::interator idx=vecFunc().begin(); (idx!=vecFunc().end()); ++idx){
cout << "Addr: " << idx->c_str() << std::endl;
cout << "Val: " << *idx << std::endl;
}
return 0;
};
The above erroneous program will indicate no errors even if one uses the GNU g++ reporting options -Wall -Wextra -Weffc++
If you must produce a value, then the following would work in place of calling vecFunc() twice:
std::vector<std::string> lclvec(vecFunc());
for(std::vector<std::string>::iterator idx=lclvec.begin(); (idx!=lclvec.end()); ++idx)...
The above also produces no anonymous objects during iteration of the loop, but requires a possible copy operation (which, as some note, might be optimized away under some circumstances. But the reference method guarantees that no copy will be produced. Believing the compiler will perform RVO is no substitute for trying to build the most efficient code you can. If you can moot the need for the compiler to do RVO, you are ahead of the game.
vector<string> func1() const
{
vector<string> parts;
return vector<string>(parts.begin(),parts.end()) ;
}
This is still efficient after c++11 onwards as complier automatically uses move instead of making a copy.
