You can get part of the way there by reading in the embedded.mobileprovision file from the application bundle:
NSString *provisionPath = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"embedded" ofType:@"mobileprovision"];
If that does not exist, you are in an app store build.
If it does exist, you need to figure out some difference between your debug and ad-hoc provisioning profiles, and look for that to determine which build you are in.
Because XCode automatically sets up applications with a "DEBUG" flag in the Debug config, that is not set in Release (which is used by default for AdHoc builds), you may be better off disabling logging in an app store build and determining the level of logging based on the DEBUG macro flag.