Java 8 Iterable.forEach() vs foreach loop

Question

Which of the following is better practice in Java 8?

Java 8:

joins.forEach(join -> mIrc.join(mSession, join));

Java 7:

for (String join : joins) {
    mIrc.join(mSession, join);
}

I have lots of for loops that could be "simplified" with lambdas, but is there really any advantage of using them? Would it improve their performance and readability?

EDIT

I'll also extend this question to longer methods. I know that you can't return or break the parent function from a lambda and this should also be taken into consideration when comparing them, but is there anything else to be considered?

Answer 1

The better practice is to use for-each. Besides violating the Keep It Simple, Stupid principle, the new-fangled forEach() has at least the following deficiencies:

• Can't use non-final variables. So, code like the following can't be turned into a forEach lambda:

Object prev = null;
for(Object curr : list)
{
    if( prev != null )
        foo(prev, curr);
    prev = curr;
}

• Can't handle checked exceptions. Lambdas aren't actually forbidden from throwing checked exceptions, but common functional interfaces like Consumer don't declare any. Therefore, any code that throws checked exceptions must wrap them in try-catch or Throwables.propagate(). But even if you do that, it's not always clear what happens to the thrown exception. It could get swallowed somewhere in the guts of forEach()

• Limited flow-control. A return in a lambda equals a continue in a for-each, but there is no equivalent to a break. It's also difficult to do things like return values, short circuit, or set flags (which would have alleviated things a bit, if it wasn't a violation of the no non-final variables rule). "This is not just an optimization, but critical when you consider that some sequences (like reading the lines in a file) may have side-effects, or you may have an infinite sequence."

• Might execute in parallel, which is a horrible, horrible thing for all but the 0.1% of your code that needs to be optimized. Any parallel code has to be thought through (even if it doesn't use locks, volatiles, and other particularly nasty aspects of traditional multi-threaded execution). Any bug will be tough to find.

• Might hurt performance, because the JIT can't optimize forEach()+lambda to the same extent as plain loops, especially now that lambdas are new. By "optimization" I do not mean the overhead of calling lambdas (which is small), but to the sophisticated analysis and transformation that the modern JIT compiler performs on running code.

• If you do need parallelism, it is probably much faster and not much more difficult to use an ExecutorService. Streams are both automagical (read: don't know much about your problem) and use a specialized (read: inefficient for the general case) parallelization strategy (fork-join recursive decomposition).

• Makes debugging more confusing, because of the nested call hierarchy and, god forbid, parallel execution. The debugger may have issues displaying variables from the surrounding code, and things like step-through may not work as expected.

• Streams in general are more difficult to code, read, and debug. Actually, this is true of complex "fluent" APIs in general. The combination of complex single statements, heavy use of generics, and lack of intermediate variables conspire to produce confusing error messages and frustrate debugging. Instead of "this method doesn't have an overload for type X" you get an error message closer to "somewhere you messed up the types, but we don't know where or how." Similarly, you can't step through and examine things in a debugger as easily as when the code is broken into multiple statements, and intermediate values are saved to variables. Finally, reading the code and understanding the types and behavior at each stage of execution may be non-trivial.

• Sticks out like a sore thumb. The Java language already has the for-each statement. Why replace it with a function call? Why encourage hiding side-effects somewhere in expressions? Why encourage unwieldy one-liners? Mixing regular for-each and new forEach willy-nilly is bad style. Code should speak in idioms (patterns that are quick to comprehend due to their repetition), and the fewer idioms are used the clearer the code is and less time is spent deciding which idiom to use (a big time-drain for perfectionists like myself!).

As you can see, I'm not a big fan of the forEach() except in cases when it makes sense.

Particularly offensive to me is the fact that Stream does not implement Iterable (despite actually having method iterator) and cannot be used in a for-each, only with a forEach(). I recommend casting Streams into Iterables with (Iterable<T>)stream::iterator. A better alternative is to use StreamEx which fixes a number of Stream API problems, including implementing Iterable.

That said, forEach() is useful for the following:

• Atomically iterating over a synchronized list. Prior to this, a list generated with Collections.synchronizedList() was atomic with respect to things like get or set, but was not thread-safe when iterating.

• Parallel execution (using an appropriate parallel stream). This saves you a few lines of code vs using an ExecutorService, if your problem matches the performance assumptions built into Streams and Spliterators.

• Specific containers which, like the synchronized list, benefit from being in control of iteration (although this is largely theoretical unless people can bring up more examples)

• Calling a single function more cleanly by using forEach() and a method reference argument (ie, list.forEach (obj::someMethod)). However, keep in mind the points on checked exceptions, more difficult debugging, and reducing the number of idioms you use when writing code.

Articles I used for reference:

• Everything about Java 8
• Iteration Inside and Out (as pointed out by another poster)

EDIT: Looks like some of the original proposals for lambdas (such as http://www.javac.info/closures-v06a.html Google Cache) solved some of the issues I mentioned (while adding their own complications, of course).

Answer 2

The advantage comes into account when the operations can be executed in parallel. (See http://java.dzone.com/articles/devoxx-2012-java-8-lambda-and - the section about internal and external iteration)

• The main advantage from my point of view is that the implementation of what is to be done within the loop can be defined without having to decide if it will be executed in parallel or sequential

• If you want your loop to be executed in parallel you could simply write

   joins.parallelStream().forEach(join -> mIrc.join(mSession, join));
  

  You will have to write some extra code for thread handling etc.

Note: For my answer I assumed joins implementing the java.util.Stream interface. If joins implements only the java.util.Iterable interface this is no longer true.

Answer 3

When reading this question one can get the impression, that Iterable#forEach in combination with lambda expressions is a shortcut/replacement for writing a traditional for-each loop. This is simply not true. This code from the OP:

joins.forEach(join -> mIrc.join(mSession, join));

is not intended as a shortcut for writing

for (String join : joins) {
    mIrc.join(mSession, join);
}

and should certainly not be used in this way. Instead it is intended as a shortcut (although it is not exactly the same) for writing

joins.forEach(new Consumer<T>() {
    @Override
    public void accept(T join) {
        mIrc.join(mSession, join);
    }
});

And it is as a replacement for the following Java 7 code:

final Consumer<T> c = new Consumer<T>() {
    @Override
    public void accept(T join) {
        mIrc.join(mSession, join);
    }
};
for (T t : joins) {
    c.accept(t);
}

Replacing the body of a loop with a functional interface, as in the examples above, makes your code more explicit: You are saying that (1) the body of the loop does not affect the surrounding code and control flow, and (2) the body of the loop may be replaced with a different implementation of the function, without affecting the surrounding code. Not being able to access non final variables of the outer scope is not a deficit of functions/lambdas, it is a feature that distinguishes the semantics of Iterable#forEach from the semantics of a traditional for-each loop. Once one gets used to the syntax of Iterable#forEach, it makes the code more readable, because you immediately get this additional information about the code.

Traditional for-each loops will certainly stay good practice (to avoid the overused term "best practice") in Java. But this doesn't mean, that Iterable#forEach should be considered bad practice or bad style. It is always good practice, to use the right tool for doing the job, and this includes mixing traditional for-each loops with Iterable#forEach, where it makes sense.

Since the downsides of Iterable#forEach have already been discussed in this thread, here are some reasons, why you might probably want to use Iterable#forEach:

• To make your code more explicit: As described above, Iterable#forEach can make your code more explicit and readable in some situations.

• To make your code more extensible and maintainable: Using a function as the body of a loop allows you to replace this function with different implementations (see Strategy Pattern). You could e.g. easily replace the lambda expression with a method call, that may be overwritten by sub-classes:

  joins.forEach(getJoinStrategy());
  

  Then you could provide default strategies using an enum, that implements the functional interface. This not only makes your code more extensible, it also increases maintainability because it decouples the loop implementation from the loop declaration.

• To make your code more debuggable: Seperating the loop implementation from the declaration can also make debugging more easy, because you could have a specialized debug implementation, that prints out debug messages, without the need to clutter your main code with if(DEBUG)System.out.println(). The debug implementation could e.g. be a delegate, that decorates the actual function implementation.

• To optimize performance-critical code: Contrary to some of the assertions in this thread, Iterable#forEach does already provide better performance than a traditional for-each loop, at least when using ArrayList and running Hotspot in "-client" mode. While this performance boost is small and negligible for most use cases, there are situations, where this extra performance can make a difference. E.g. library maintainers will certainly want to evaluate, if some of their existing loop implementations should be replaced with Iterable#forEach.

  To back this statement up with facts, I have done some micro-benchmarks with Caliper. Here is the test code (latest Caliper from git is needed):

  @VmOptions("-server")
  public class Java8IterationBenchmarks {
  
      public static class TestObject {
          public int result;
      }
  
      public @Param({"100", "10000"}) int elementCount;
  
      ArrayList<TestObject> list;
      TestObject[] array;
  
      @BeforeExperiment
      public void setup(){
          list = new ArrayList<>(elementCount);
          for (int i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
              list.add(new TestObject());
          }
          array = list.toArray(new TestObject[list.size()]);
      }
  
      @Benchmark
      public void timeTraditionalForEach(int reps){
          for (int i = 0; i < reps; i++) {
              for (TestObject t : list) {
                  t.result++;
              }
          }
          return;
      }
  
      @Benchmark
      public void timeForEachAnonymousClass(int reps){
          for (int i = 0; i < reps; i++) {
              list.forEach(new Consumer<TestObject>() {
                  @Override
                  public void accept(TestObject t) {
                      t.result++;
                  }
              });
          }
          return;
      }
  
      @Benchmark
      public void timeForEachLambda(int reps){
          for (int i = 0; i < reps; i++) {
              list.forEach(t -> t.result++);
          }
          return;
      }
  
      @Benchmark
      public void timeForEachOverArray(int reps){
          for (int i = 0; i < reps; i++) {
              for (TestObject t : array) {
                  t.result++;
              }
          }
      }
  }
  

  And here are the results:

  • Results for -client
  • Results for -server

  When running with "-client", Iterable#forEach outperforms the traditional for loop over an ArrayList, but is still slower than directly iterating over an array. When running with "-server", the performance of all approaches is about the same.

• To provide optional support for parallel execution: It has already been said here, that the possibility to execute the functional interface of Iterable#forEach in parallel using streams, is certainly an important aspect. Since Collection#parallelStream() does not guarantee, that the loop is actually executed in parallel, one must consider this an optional feature. By iterating over your list with list.parallelStream().forEach(...);, you explicitly say: This loop supports parallel execution, but it does not depend on it. Again, this is a feature and not a deficit!

  By moving the decision for parallel execution away from your actual loop implementation, you allow optional optimization of your code, without affecting the code itself, which is a good thing. Also, if the default parallel stream implementation does not fit your needs, no one is preventing you from providing your own implementation. You could e.g. provide an optimized collection depending on the underlying operating system, on the size of the collection, on the number of cores, and on some preference settings:

  public abstract class MyOptimizedCollection<E> implements Collection<E>{
      private enum OperatingSystem{
          LINUX, WINDOWS, ANDROID
      }
      private OperatingSystem operatingSystem = OperatingSystem.WINDOWS;
      private int numberOfCores = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
      private Collection<E> delegate;
  
      @Override
      public Stream<E> parallelStream() {
          if (!System.getProperty("parallelSupport").equals("true")) {
              return this.delegate.stream();
          }
          switch (operatingSystem) {
              case WINDOWS:
                  if (numberOfCores > 3 && delegate.size() > 10000) {
                      return this.delegate.parallelStream();
                  }else{
                      return this.delegate.stream();
                  }
              case LINUX:
                  return SomeVerySpecialStreamImplementation.stream(this.delegate.spliterator());
              case ANDROID:
              default:
                  return this.delegate.stream();
          }
      }
  }
  

  The nice thing here is, that your loop implementation doesn't need to know or care about these details.

Answer 4

forEach() can be implemented to be faster than for-each loop, because the iterable knows the best way to iterate its elements, as opposed to the standard iterator way. So the difference is loop internally or loop externally.

For example ArrayList.forEach(action) may be simply implemented as

for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
    action.accept(elements[i])

as opposed to the for-each loop which requires a lot of scaffolding

Iterator iter = list.iterator();
while(iter.hasNext())
    Object next = iter.next();
    do something with `next`

However, we also need to account for two overhead costs by using forEach(), one is making the lambda object, the other is invoking the lambda method. They are probably not significant.

see also http://journal.stuffwithstuff.com/2013/01/13/iteration-inside-and-out/ for comparing internal/external iterations for different use cases.

Answer 5

TL;DR: List.stream().forEach() was the fastest.

I felt I should add my results from benchmarking iteration. I took a very simple approach (no benchmarking frameworks) and benchmarked 5 different methods:

1. classic for
2. classic foreach
3. List.forEach()
4. List.stream().forEach()
5. List.parallelStream().forEach

the testing procedure and parameters

private List<Integer> list;
private final int size = 1_000_000;

public MyClass(){
    list = new ArrayList<>();
    Random rand = new Random();
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
        list.add(rand.nextInt(size * 50));
    }    
}
private void doIt(Integer i) {
    i *= 2; //so it won't get JITed out
}

The list in this class shall be iterated over and have some doIt(Integer i) applied to all it's members, each time via a different method. in the Main class I run the tested method three times to warm up the JVM. I then run the test method 1000 times summing the time it takes for each iteration method (using System.nanoTime()). After that's done i divide that sum by 1000 and that's the result, average time. example:

myClass.fored();
myClass.fored();
myClass.fored();
for (int i = 0; i < reps; ++i) {
    begin = System.nanoTime();
    myClass.fored();
    end = System.nanoTime();
    nanoSum += end - begin;
}
System.out.println(nanoSum / reps);

I ran this on a i5 4 core CPU, with java version 1.8.0_05

classic for

for(int i = 0, l = list.size(); i < l; ++i) {
    doIt(list.get(i));
}

execution time: 4.21 ms

classic foreach

for(Integer i : list) {
    doIt(i);
}

execution time: 5.95 ms

List.forEach()

list.forEach((i) -> doIt(i));

execution time: 3.11 ms

List.stream().forEach()

list.stream().forEach((i) -> doIt(i));

execution time: 2.79 ms

List.parallelStream().forEach

list.parallelStream().forEach((i) -> doIt(i));

execution time: 3.6 ms

Answer 6

I feel that I need to extend my comment a bit...

About paradigm\style

That's probably the most notable aspect. FP became popular due to what you can get avoiding side-effects. I won't delve deep into what pros\cons you can get from this, since this is not related to the question.

However, I will say that the iteration using Iterable.forEach is inspired by FP and rather result of bringing more FP to Java (ironically, I'd say that there is no much use for forEach in pure FP, since it does nothing except introducing side-effects).

In the end I would say that it is rather a matter of taste\style\paradigm you are currently writing in.

About parallelism.

From performance point of view there is no promised notable benefits from using Iterable.forEach over foreach(...).

According to official docs on Iterable.forEach :

Performs the given action on the contents of the Iterable, in the order elements occur when iterating, until all elements have been processed or the action throws an exception.

... i.e. docs pretty much clear that there will be no implicit parallelism. Adding one would be LSP violation.

Now, there are "parallell collections" that are promised in Java 8, but to work with those you need to me more explicit and put some extra care to use them (see mschenk74's answer for example).

BTW: in this case Stream.forEach will be used, and it doesn't guarantee that actual work will be done in parallell (depends on underlying collection).

UPDATE: might be not that obvious and a little stretched at a glance but there is another facet of style and readability perspective.

First of all - plain old forloops are plain and old. Everybody already knows them.

Second, and more important - you probably want to use Iterable.forEach only with one-liner lambdas. If "body" gets heavier - they tend to be not-that readable. You have 2 options from here - use inner classes (yuck) or use plain old forloop. People often gets annoyed when they see the same things (iteratins over collections) being done various vays/styles in the same codebase, and this seems to be the case.

Again, this might or might not be an issue. Depends on people working on code.

Answer 7

One of most upleasing functional forEach's limitations is lack of checked exceptions support.

One possible workaround is to replace terminal forEach with plain old foreach loop:

    Stream<String> stream = Stream.of("", "1", "2", "3").filter(s -> !s.isEmpty());
    Iterable<String> iterable = stream::iterator;
    for (String s : iterable) {
        fileWriter.append(s);
    }

Here is list of most popular questions with other workarounds on checked exception handling within lambdas and streams:

Java 8 Lambda function that throws exception?

Java 8: Lambda-Streams, Filter by Method with Exception

How can I throw CHECKED exceptions from inside Java 8 streams?

Java 8: Mandatory checked exceptions handling in lambda expressions. Why mandatory, not optional?

Answer 8

The advantage of Java 1.8 forEach method over 1.7 Enhanced for loop is that while writing code you can focus on business logic only.

forEach method takes java.util.function.Consumer object as an argument, so It helps in having our business logic at a separate location that you can reuse it anytime.

Have look at below snippet,

• Here I have created new Class that will override accept class method from Consumer Class, where you can add additional functionility, More than Iteration..!!!!!!

  class MyConsumer implements Consumer<Integer>{
  
      @Override
      public void accept(Integer o) {
          System.out.println("Here you can also add your business logic that will work with Iteration and you can reuse it."+o);
      }
  }
  
  public class ForEachConsumer {
  
      public static void main(String[] args) {
  
          // Creating simple ArrayList.
          ArrayList<Integer> aList = new ArrayList<>();
          for(int i=1;i<=10;i++) aList.add(i);
  
          //Calling forEach with customized Iterator.
          MyConsumer consumer = new MyConsumer();
          aList.forEach(consumer);
  
  
          // Using Lambda Expression for Consumer. (Functional Interface) 
          Consumer<Integer> lambda = (Integer o) ->{
              System.out.println("Using Lambda Expression to iterate and do something else(BI).. "+o);
          };
          aList.forEach(lambda);
  
          // Using Anonymous Inner Class.
          aList.forEach(new Consumer<Integer>(){
              @Override
              public void accept(Integer o) {
                  System.out.println("Calling with Anonymous Inner Class "+o);
              }
          });
      }
  }