If you want to specify the background to your whole application, you may edit the app theme or add custom theme to your application manifest. But this will be overridden when background is specified in the xml layout.
Add custom theme in style.xml
<style name="MyTheme" parent="android:Theme">
<item name="android:background">@android:color/black</item>
</style>
Specify the theme in manifest as
<application
android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/MyTheme" >
Adding theme for each activity in manifest
<activity
android:name=".Login"
android:configChanges="orientation"
android:theme="@style/MyTheme>
</activity>
You can also modify the existing theme in style.xml
which is already defined in manifest by changing the background as desired
<item name="android:background">@android:color/black</item>