Try this, assuming that set comprehensions are available in your Python version:
list({d[1] for d in (e.split() for e in some_list) if len(d) >= 3})
If set comprehensions are not available, this will work:
list(set(d[1] for d in (e.split() for e in some_list) if len(d) >= 3))
But seriously, it's not a good idea to write this as a one-liner, for the reasons mentioned in the comments. Even so, your code can be improved a bit, use a set
whenever you need to remove duplicates from a collection of elements:
dates = set()
for entry in some_list:
entr_split = entry.split()
if len(entry_split) >= 3:
dates.add(entry_split[1])
dates = list(dates)