1.Are these functions retrieved from js files or any other mechanism?
No, built-in functions are part of the language and most likely implemented in C or C++. However, since JavaScript is a dynamic language, a built in function could be re-defined somewhere by a Javascript function. For example:
String.prototype.substr = function () { return 'Take that, built-in function!'; };
var s = 'Hello';
window.alert(s.substr(1,2));
2.If yes where are they located?
See answer 1. However, with open-source JavaScript engines you'd be able to dig up the source code online if you were curious about the implementation of these built in functions. For example, the source code to V8, the JavaScript engine Chrome uses, can be found here.
One way to tell if a function is native would be to pop it up in an alert:
window.alert(Math.floor);
This will give you an alert box saying something like:

...indicating the code is native and cannot be displayed as JavaScript.
3.Are these subpart of browser installation?
They are part of the JavaScript installation which ships with the browser. Different browsers have different JavaScript engines.