Add a new element to an array without specifying the index in Bash

Question

Is there a way to do something like PHPs $array[] = 'foo'; in bash vs doing:

array[0]='foo'
array[1]='bar'

Answer 1

Yes there is:

ARRAY=()
ARRAY+=('foo')
ARRAY+=('bar')

Bash Reference Manual:

In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index (see Arrays), the ‘+=’ operator can be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value.

Also:

When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see Arrays below), the variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays)

Answer 2

As Dumb Guy points out, it's important to note whether the array starts at zero and is sequential. Since you can make assignments to and unset non-contiguous indices ${#array[@]} is not always the next item at the end of the array.

$ array=(a b c d e f g h)
$ array[42]="i"
$ unset array[2]
$ unset array[3]
$ declare -p array     # dump the array so we can see what it contains
declare -a array='([0]="a" [1]="b" [4]="e" [5]="f" [6]="g" [7]="h" [42]="i")'
$ echo ${#array[@]}
7
$ echo ${array[${#array[@]}]}
h

Here's how to get the last index:

$ end=(${!array[@]})   # put all the indices in an array
$ end=${end[@]: -1}    # get the last one
$ echo $end
42

That illustrates how to get the last element of an array. You'll often see this:

$ echo ${array[${#array[@]} - 1]}
g

As you can see, because we're dealing with a sparse array, this isn't the last element. This works on both sparse and contiguous arrays, though:

$ echo ${array[@]: -1}
i

Answer 3

$ declare -a arr
$ arr=("a")
$ arr=("${arr[@]}" "new")
$ echo ${arr[@]}
a new
$ arr=("${arr[@]}" "newest")
$ echo ${arr[@]}
a new newest

Answer 4

If your array is always sequential and starts at 0, then you can do this:

array[${#array[@]}]='foo'

# gets the length of the array
${#array_name[@]}

If you inadvertently use spaces between the equal sign:

array[${#array[@]}] = 'foo'

Then you will receive an error similar to:

array_name[3]: command not found

Answer 5

With an indexed array, you can to something like this:

declare -a a=()
a+=('foo' 'bar')

Answer 6

Append element:

array+=("${element}")

Append another array:

array+=("${array[@]}")

Append command output:

readarray -t output < <(command)
array+=("${output[@]}")

Answer 7

also check this out :

test_array=(1 2 3 4)
test_array+=(5)
echo "${test_array[@]}"

Result : 1 2 3 4 5

the += operator can be used to append a single element or multiple elements to an array, in instance, you can append more elements to the array like this:

test_array+=(6 7 8 9)
echo "${test_array[@]}"

Result : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I wanna mention that you can also remove an element from an array in Bash without specifying the index, you can use the unset command with the element's value

test_array=(1 2 3 4 5)
unset test_array[2]
echo "${test_array[@]}" 

Result : 1 2 4 5

be careful, when you remove an element from an array, the indices of the remaining elements will be adjusted accordingly. In the example above, when I remove the third element with the value 3, the fourth and fifth elements become the new third and fourth elements, respectively.