All the above approaches are correct, but because you set EditText in Activity A, and using it in Activity C, you would have to pass EditText value to Activity B, and then from B pass both EditText value AND method of calculation. As an alternative, you could use SharedPreferences:
Activity A:
//get EditText's value, I will assume you want it to be an int
//just to show you how to save it
//later, we're doing the same with String
//NOTE: no checks are done for correct input, the below will fail
//if myEditText's content is not valid to be converted to int
EditText myEditText = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.myEditText);
int value = Integer.parseInt(myEditText.getText().toString());
// We need an Editor object to make preference changes.
SharedPreferences settings = getSharedPreferences("mySettings", Activity.MODE_PRIVATE);
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = settings.edit();
editor.putString("value", value);
// Commit the edits!
editor.commit();
Activity B: (I'm assuming that method is String, but it can be any other primitive type)
String method = "multiplication";
// We need an Editor object to make preference changes.
SharedPreferences settings = getSharedPreferences("mySettings", Activity.MODE_PRIVATE);
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = settings.edit();
editor.putBoolean("method", method);
// Commit the edits!
editor.commit();
Then, in Activity C, you can retrieve all those values:
// Restore preferences
SharedPreferences settings = getSharedPreferences("mySettings", Activity.MODE_PRIVATE);
int value = settings.getInt("value", 0);
String method = settings.getString("method", "division");
The second arguments for both the above is the default value, in case settings don't exist.
Please read the docs here and here for more info on SharedPreferences.