Yeoman is not a front end framework - rather an application scaffold for generating a starting point for your front end.
Angular JS is my preferred option when using Laravel as a backend. You can use Yeoman to set up an Angular front end using this:
https://github.com/yeoman/generator-angular
An excellent tutorial series that helped me a lot when setting AngularJS up to talk to Laravel is here:
https://github.com/davemo/end-to-end-with-angularjs
Included is quite an extensive explanation on AngularJS security.
The Laravel backend should be setup as an API in the first instance to accept requests, heres a starting point to setup a basic API in Laravel from Laracon 2013
https://github.com/akuzemchak/laracon-todo-api
Laracasts also has a great series for building API's:
https://laracasts.com/series/incremental-api-development
Laracasts is a paid subscription service but would fully recommend it to Laravel beginners/intermediates