To directly answer your question, yes UDDI does support this kind of query. Basically, you'd want to use a "Inquiry API" method "Find_service", passing in a CategoryBag/keyReference that matches a known pattern for weather services with some wildcards to help you get results. In addition, you'll need a find_qualifier for approximateMatch to enable the wildcards. Part of the issue is that UDDI allows registrants to use the spec in many different ways and thus this example assumes that there is in fact a standardized way to register and tag a service as providing weather information. It's up to the governance process of the organization hosting the uddi node.
"@JohnSaunders is right, nobody uses UDDI in the wild" - talk about a blanket statement. Perhaps you both meant "few people", but to say "nobody" without being able to prove it is silly.
"(I heard that UDDI seems to be deprecated, but I cannot confirm for that)". Widely used? probably not. Deprecated? Apache, Microsoft, IBM, HP, Oracle, and WS02 still sell or give away implementations of UDDI so I wouldn't exactly call it deprecated.