Most symmetric encryption algorithm operate with blocks of fixed length and with keys of fixed length. For AES it's 16-byte block with 128-bit, 192-bit or 256-bit key. You can't have a different key length.
Now the key must ideally be 128-bit, not just "16 characters" (if you mean text symbols). 16 characters in ASCII alphabet is much less "meaningful" bits than 128. So to have 128 full-weight bits in encryption key you need to take a longer passphrase (at least 22 ASCII characters for 128-bit key), then apply one of key derivation functions (BCrypt, PBKDF) to your passphrase to get a key of the needed length.
The next thing to take into account is that you are now looking at low-level encryption where you will need to deal with cipher modes, padding etc. . If you are not well-acquainted with cryptography it makes sense to take a look at higher-level encryption standards which hide the low-level complexities from you. For example OpenPGP does surprisingly good job in encrypting the data using passphrases.