Is Object deserialization a proper way to implement Prototype pattern in Java?

Question

TL;DR

Can I use Java serialization/deserialization using Serializable interface, ObjectOutputStream and ObjectInputStream classes, and probably adding readObject and writeObject in the classes implementing Serializable as a valid implementation for Prototype pattern or not?

Note

This question is not to discuss if using copy constructor is better than serialization/deserialization or not.

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I'm aware of the Prototype Pattern concept (from Wikipedia, emphasis mine):

The prototype pattern is a creational design pattern in software development. It is used when the type of objects to create is determined by a prototypical instance, which is cloned to produce new objects. This pattern is used to:

• avoid subclasses of an object creator in the client application, like the abstract factory pattern does.

• avoid the inherent cost of creating a new object in the standard way (e.g., using the 'new' keyword) when it is prohibitively expensive for a given application.

And from this Q/A: Examples of GoF Design Patterns in Java's core libraries, BalusC explains that prototype pattern in Java is implemented by Object#clone only if the class implements Cloneable interface (marker interface similar to Serializable to serialize/deserialize objects). The problem using this approach is noted in blog posts/related Q/As like these:

• Copy Constructor versus Cloning
• Java: recommended solution for deep cloning/copying an instance

So, another alternative is using a copy constructor to clone your objects (the DIY way), but this fails to implement the prototype pattern for the text I emphasized above:

avoid the inherent cost of creating a new object in the standard way (e.g., using the 'new' keyword)

AFAIK the only way to create an object without invoking its constructor is by deserialization, as noted in the example of the accepted answer of this question: How are constructors called during serialization and deserialization?

So, I'm just asking if using object deserialization through ObjectOutputStream (and knowing what you're doing, marking necessary fields as transient and understanding all the implications of this process) or a similar approach would be a proper implementation of Prototype Pattern.

Note: I don't think unmarshalling XML documents is a right implementation of this pattern because invokes the class constructor. Probably this also happens when unmarshalling JSON content as well.

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People would advise using object constructor, and I would mind that option when working with simple objects. This question is more oriented to deep copying complex objects, where I may have 5 levels of objects to clone. For example:

//fields is an abbreviation for primitive type and String type fields
//that can vary between 1 and 20 (or more) declared fields in the class
//and all of them will be filled during application execution
class CustomerType {
    //fields...
}

class Customer {
    CustomerType customerType;
    //fields
}

class Product {
    //fields
}

class Order {
    List<Product> productList;
    Customer customer;
    //fields
}

class InvoiceStatus {
    //fields
}

class Invoice {
    List<Order> orderList;
    InvoiceStatus invoiceStatus;
    //fields
}

//class to communicate invoice data for external systems
class InvoiceOutboundMessage {
    List<Invoice> invoice;
    //fields
}

Let's say, I want/need to copy a instance of InvoiceOutboundMessage. I don't think a copy constructor would apply in this case. IMO having a lot of copy constructors doesn't seem like a good design in this case.

Answer 1

Using Java object serialization directly is not quite the Prototype pattern, but serialization can be used to implement the pattern.

The Prototype pattern puts the responsibility of copying on the object to be copied. If you use serialization directly, the client needs to provide the deserialization and serialization code. If you own, or plan to write, all of the classes that are to be copied, it is easy to move the responsibility to those classes:

• define a Prototype interface which extends Serializable and adds an instance method copy
• define a concrete class PrototypeUtility with a static method copy that implements the serialization and deserialization in one place
• define an abstract class AbstractPrototype that implements Prototype. Make its copy method delegate to PrototypeUtility.copy.

A class which needs to be a Prototype can either implement Prototype itself and use PrototypeUtility to do the work, or can just extend AbstractPrototype. By doing so it also advertises that it is safely Serializable.

If you don't own the classes whose instances are to be copied, you can't follow the Prototype pattern exactly, because you can't move the responsibility for copying to those classes. However, if those classes implement Serializable, you can still get the job done by using serialization directly.

Regarding copy constructors, those are a fine way to copy Java objects whose classes you know, but they don't meet the requirement that the Prototype pattern does that the client should not need to know the class of the object instance that it is copying. A client which doesn't know an instance's class but wants to use its copy constructor would have to use reflection to find a constructor whose only argument has the same class as the class it belongs to. That's ugly, and the client couldn't be sure that the constructor it found was a copy constructor. Implementing an interface addresses those issues cleanly.

Wikipedia's comment that the Prototype pattern avoids the cost of creating a new object seems misguided to me. (I see nothing about that in the Gang of Four description.) Wikipedia's example of an object that is expensive to create is an object which lists the occurrences of a word in a text, which of course are expensive to find. But it would be foolish to design your program so that the only way to get an instance of WordOccurrences was to actually analyze a text, especially if you then needed to copy that instance for some reason. Just give it a constructor with parameters that describe the entire state of the instance and assigns them to its fields, or a copy constructor.

So unless you're working with a third-party library that hides its reasonable constructors, forget about that performance canard. The important points of Prototype are that

• it allows the client to copy an object instance without knowing its class, and
• it accomplishes that goal without creating a hierarchy of factories, as meeting the same goal with the AbstractFactory pattern would.

Answer 2

I'm puzzled by this part of your requirements:

Note: I don't think unmarshalling XML documents is a right implementation of this pattern because invokes the class constructor. Probably this also happens when unmarshalling JSON content as well.

I understand that you might not want to implement a copy constructor, but you will always have a regular constructor. If this constructor is invoked by a library then what does it matter? Furthermore object creation in Java is cheap. I've used Jackson for marshalling/unmarshalling Java objects with great success. It is performant and has a number of awesome features that might be very helpful in your case. You could implement a deep copier as follows:

import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;

public class MyCloner {

    private ObjectMapper cloner; // with getter and setter

    public <T> clone(T toClone){
        String stringCopy = mapper.writeValueAsString(toClone);
        T deepClone = mapper.readValue(stringCopy, toClone.getClass());
        return deepClone;
    }
}

Note that Jackson will work automatically with Beans (getter + setter pairs, no-arg constructor). For classes that break that pattern it needs additional configuration. One nice thing about this configuration is that it won't require you to edit your existing classes, so you can clone using JSON without any other part of your code knowing that JSON is being used.

Another reason I like this approach vs. serialization is it is more human debuggable (just look at the string to see what the data is). Additionally, there are tons of tools out there for working with JSON:

1. Online JSON formatter
2. Veiw JSON as HTML based webpage

Whereas tools for Java serialization isn't great.

One drawback to this approach is that by default duplicate references in the original object will be made unique in the copied object by default. Here is an example:

 public class CloneTest {
     public class MyObject { }
     public class MyObjectContainer {

         MyObject refA;
         MyObject refB;

         // Getters and Setters omitted

     }

     public static void runTest(){
         MyCloner cloner = new MyCloner();
         cloner.setCloner(new ObjectMapper());
         MyObjectContainer container = new MyObjectContainer();
         MyObject duplicateReference = new MyObject();
         MyObjectContainer.setRefA(duplicateReference);
         MyObjectContainer.setRefB(duplicateReference);
         MyObjectContainer cloned = cloner.clone(container);
         System.out.println(cloned.getRefA() == cloned.getRefB()); // Will print false
         System.out.println(container.getRefA() == container.getRefB()); // Will print true
     }

}

Given that there are several approaches to this problem each with their own pros and cons, I would claim there isn't a 'proper' way to implement the prototype pattern in Java. The right approach depends heavily on the environment you find yourself coding in. If you have constructors which do heavy computation (and can't circumvent them) then I suppose you don't have much option but to use Deserialization. Otherwise, I would prefer the JSON/XML approach. If external libraries weren't allowed and I could modify my beans, then I'd use Dave's approach.

Answer 3

Your question is really interesting Luiggi (I voted for it because the idea is great), it's a pitty you don't say what you are really concerned about. So I'll try to answer what I know and let you choose what you find arguable:

• Advantages :

  • In terms of memory use, you will get a very good memory consumption by using serialization since it serializes your objects in binary format (and not in text as json or worse: xml). You may have to choose a strategy to keep your objects "pattern" in memory as long as you need it, and persist it in a "less used first persisted" strategy, or "first used first persisted"
  • Coding it is pretty direct. There are some rules to respect, but it you don't have many complex structures, this remains maintainable
  • No need for external libraries, this is pretty an advantage in institutions with strict security/legal rules (validations for each library to be used in a program)
  • If you don't need to maintain your objects between versions of the program/ versions of the JVM. You can profit from each JVM update as speed is a real concern for java programs, and it's very related to io operations (JMX, memory read/writes, nio, etc...). So there are big chances that new versions will have optimized io/memory usage/serialization algos and you will find you're writing/reading faster with no code change.

• Disadvantages :

  • You loose all your prototypes if you change any object in the tree. Serialization works only with the same object definition
  • You need to deserialize an object to see what is inside it: as opposed to the prototype pattern that is 'self documenting' if you take it from a Spring / Guice configuration file. The binary objects saved to disk are pretty opaque
  • If you're planning to do a reusable library, you're imposing to your library users a pretty strict pattern (implementing Serializable on each object, or using transient for dields that are not serializable). In addition this constraints cannot be checked by the compiler, you have to run the program to see if there's something wrong (which might not be visible immediately if an object in the tree is null for the tests). Naturally, I'm comparing it to other prototyping technologies (Guice for example had the main feature of being compile time checked, Spring did it lately too)

I think it's all what comes to my mind for now, I'll add a comment if any new aspect raises suddenly :)

Naturally I don't know how fast is writing an object as bytes compared to invoking a constructor. The answer to this should be mass write/read tests

But the question is worth thinking.

Answer 4

There are cases where creating new object using copy constructor is different from creating new object "in a standard way". One example is explained in the Wikipedia link in your question. In that example, to create new WordOccurrences using the constructor WordOccurrences(text, word), we need to perform heavyweight computation. If we use copy constructor WordOccurrences(wordOccurences) instead, we can immediately get the result of that computation (in the Wikipedia, clone method is used, but the principle is the same).