A bean is a java object managed by a container. The container is the environment in which is deployed your project. There is various possible container, Spring, servlet container, Java EE one...
The same java class may be a managed bean if deployed in a JSF project or a CDI one ; or an EJB bean if deployed in an EJB project ; or a spring bean if your application is using spring IOC container, it's just a matter of configuration (using annotation or XML configuration).
To deploy your project as a web project you need a web server (tomcat, jetty...) or a Java EE one (glassfish, jboss...) or a lightweight http server (https://github.com/CodeStory/fluent-http for example).
I'd advise to use tomcat and the jsf framework to begin according to your requierement (JSF 2.0 tutorial with Eclipse and Tomcat). Otherwise you could try tomcat with rest services exposed to a javascript client (http://www.vogella.com/tutorials/REST/article.html)
For information, have a look to BalusC anwser about JavaEE : What exactly is Java EE?
Good learning