You would probably need an App, that had people sign in with their Google account using oAuth2
Google Accounts Authentication and Authorization
I think that this link gives an overview of what your options are:
Permissions and Types of Scripts
I guess you would need to have an App, that ran as User at the keyboard, so that the spreadsheet saved to their Google Drive. If you wanted the user to be able to download a file to their computer drive, that's a little different.
Just use HTML Service. It's basically just building a website. You just don't have a domain name. But the spreadsheet you are distributing doesn't have a domain name.
HTML Service Google Documentation
From an Apps Script HTML Service, you can write to Spreadsheets, Documents, and run HTTP Requests (urlFetch).
URL Fetch Service
The permissions in the Apps Script App can be set to run the Apps Script file as yourself, with access to anyone, even anonymous. That way, the user will never be asked for permission for any files that you own. You will need to authorize it once, the first time any script that needs access to your files is run.
Because anyone could run your Apps Script App, you might want to have a log in system to authenticate users.
You would need to use the Big Query API with Apps Script urlFetch to access Big Query.
So, with the HTML Service, you can do most everything you could do with HTML, CSS, and Javascript on a regular website. You can create custom input forms, have different pages and display data in tables. Plus it's served over HTTPS.