The arc command will not draw your desired curve through the 3 points.
Instead, draw a quadratic curve through the 3 points using context.quadraticCurveTo
There are an infinite number of solutions for curves to pass through your 3 points.
Here's one solution using this equation that uses a median tension (t=0.50) for the curve:
var initial = { x: 20, y: 40 };
var median = { x: 40, y: 33 };
var final = { x: 180, y: 40 };
var controlX=2*median.x-initial.x/2-final.x/2;
var controlY=2*median.y-initial.y/2-final.y/2;

Here's example code and a Demo:
var canvas=document.getElementById("canvas");
var ctx=canvas.getContext("2d");
var PI2=Math.PI*2;
var initial = { x: 20, y: 40 };
var median = { x: 40, y: 33 };
var final = { x: 180, y: 40 };
var controlX=2*median.x-initial.x/2-final.x/2;
var controlY=2*median.y-initial.y/2-final.y/2;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(initial.x,initial.y,4,0,PI2);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.moveTo(median.x,median.y);
ctx.arc(median.x,median.y,4,0,PI2);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.moveTo(final.x,final.y);
ctx.arc(final.x,final.y,4,0,PI2);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.fill();
ctx.strokeStyle='red';
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(initial.x,initial.y);
ctx.quadraticCurveTo(controlX,controlY,final.x,final.y);
ctx.stroke();
body{ background-color: ivory; }
canvas{border:1px solid red;}
<canvas id="canvas" width=300 height=300></canvas>