The future is ... almost here.
As others have suggested, a preprocessor can be used to accomplish this. If, however, you're the type who lives on the bleeding edge while staying up all night reading draft specs, then you'll be excited about drumroll CSS variables!
Go, check it out here:
http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-variables/
(MDN if draft specs don't get your juices flowing)
Awesomely enough, there's an example that is similar to your question!
one { --foo: 10px; }
two { --bar: calc(var(--foo) + 10px); }
three { --foo: calc(var(--bar) + 10px); }
Great, right?!
Well, the bad news...unfortunately, support is, well, terrible.
http://caniuse.com/#feat=css-variables
But, in the future (and fingers crossed), we'll have native CSS variables!