You actually don't need this conversion. Just using the (India Standard Time)
suffix, or no suffix at all, will work just fine. For example:
echo(strtotime("Thu Oct 30 2014 00:00:00 GMT+0530 (IST)") . " / " .
strtotime("Thu Oct 30 2014 00:00:00 GMT+0530") . " / " .
strtotime("Thu Oct 30 2014 00:00:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)"));
Returns
1414627200 / 1414627200 / 1414627200
Demo.
So my answer to your question is that I don't think it's possible to get the official timezone abbreviation, but my solution to your problem is to simply use the format you already have (or if the suffix is causing problems when it's in another language, simply omit the suffix).
Alternatively, you can convert the timezone to UTC first, and then feed that to the PHP:
//some other way to generate this Date object is of course fine too
var d = new Date(/*your date object*/);
//converts it from ms -> sec, to the format PHP uses
var unix = Math.floor(d.getTime() / 1000);