To solve the problem, configure docker daemon to use the your company DNS server. For instance, if your resolv.conf has the following configuration:
$> cat /etc/resolv.conf
domain mycompany
search mycompany
nameserver 10.123.123.123
Change /etc/default/docker to contain the following:
DOCKER_OPTS="--dns 10.123.123.123"
And restart docker daemon with:
sudo service docker restart
Now, containers will have access to the intranet during the build operation.
Related answer: Dockerfile: Docker build can't download packages: centos->yum, debian/ubuntu->apt-get behind intranet