I had the same issue you had and struggled with it for almost 3 days. But as of June 2020 and improving on @tao's answer, here is a reliable solution I found for this that works on all devices and has 100% browser compatibility. It allows the desired effect in any place of the page and not just the top or bottom of the page, and you can create as many as you need or want.
The only known issue is with safari. The browser repaints the whole image every scroll movement so it puts a heavy burden on graphics and most of the time makes the image flicker up and down some 10px. There is literally no fix for this, but I think there is also no better response for your inquire.
I hope this works for you. You can check the results live in www.theargw.com, where I have three different fixed background images.
body, .black {
width: 100%;
height: 200px;
background: black;
}
.e-with-fixed-bg {
width: 100%;
height: 300px;
/* Important */
position: relative;
}
.bg-wrap {
clip: rect(0, auto, auto, 0);
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.bg {
position: fixed;
display: block;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
background-size: cover;
background-position: center center;
background-image: url(https://images.pexels.com/photos/949587/pexels-photo-949587.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&dpr=1&w=500);
transform: translateZ(0);
will-change: transform;
}
.e-container {
z-index: 1;
color: white;
background: transparent;
}
<div class="black"></div>
<div class="e-with-fixed-bg">
<div class="bg-wrap">
<div class="bg"></div>
</div>
<div class="e-container">
<h1>This works well enought</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="black"></div>
--------------------- EDIT ---------------------
The code posted was missing the background wrapper that allows the background to not change size and maintain the fixed position. Sorry to post the wrong code this morning guys! But here is the change.