How can one know if an element is in front of another element, if the overlaying element is transparent? The purpose for this is if you're artificially clicking a page element by its ID, and you're ensuring there's no overlay on top of the element that would make confirm the click as synthetic (as a normal user would have to click on the overlay).
Case 1: The overlay is a child of the clickable element To Detect it: Ensure there's no children of the clickable element that look unusual.
Case 2: The overlay has an absolute position and a higher z-index to overlay the clickable element To Detect it: No clue! Unless you iterate through the bounding rectangles and z-index of every element in the DOM or go through the entire DOM looking for particular style attributes. That is expensive.
So, given the number of ways an element can be made to overlay another element, how can a user script detect elements overlaying elements? I suspect a very verbose method of going through the entire DOM could be avoided.