I know this post is a little old but I kept hitting it while searching for a possible answer.
I had the same error but my solution was a little different.
I develop on Ubuntu 18.04 desktop since it is a server with a GUI. Socialite works great locally but as soon as I pushed/pulled the changes through git to the server, it quit.
I was running traces by recording what was sent to and from google. I "dd($_GET)" to get a raw dump before Socialite had a chance to get the info so I knew what was stored and ready for use. All info was there but Socialite didn't seem to "see" it. That is when I reasoned it was my apache2 header configuration interfering with the cookies/session data.
I had set header security in my apache2 configs. One of the settings was
Header always edit Set-Cookie ^(.*) "$1;HttpOnly;Secure;SameSite=Strict"
This setting was interfering with the cookie information that socialite needed. I removed that setting from my apache2 header config(by commenting out) and restarted Apache. Finally I removed all sessions in storage/framework/session/* and cleared them from my browser just to be sure. That worked for me.
After I got it working, one by one enabled and tested each of the following settings to have the framework secure what header info it can:
SESSION_SECURE_COOKIE=true
in my .env file
'http_only' => true,
and
'same_site' => 'lax'
(setting to "strict" did not seem to work)
in my config/session.php file.
Now it is back to testing security and tweaking things back if need be.