The cached MSI file that is supposed to run the uninstall might be missing from the super-hidden MSI cache folder normally found at C:\windows\installer (formally at %SystemRoot%\Installer), or there is a crash in the uninstall sequence. Creating an uninstall log file could help (replace the truncated paths):
msiexec.exe /X "C:\Test.msi" /L*V! "C:\msilog.log"
Uninstall by product code (sample guid):
msiexec.exe /x {11111111-1111-1111-1111-11111111111X} /L*V! "C:\msilog.log"
Please see sections 3, 4 and 12 here for details on how MSI's uninstall works: Uninstalling an MSI file from the command line without using msiexec. This will also tell you how to find the product GUID for Adobe Acrobat XI Pro (use the Powershell command found in section 3, or find the same information and a screenshot here: How can I find the product GUID of an installed MSI setup?).
Before trying anything else, I suppose you can try this uninstall fix tool (fixed broken link, September 2017). It would be interesting with feedback on whether it actually works.